KNOX-STALGIA

A pseudo-encyclopedia of communities, playing fields, entertainment venues,

hotels, and other sites in Knoxville, Tennessee, from the earliest times to 1950

Revised and Enlarged Edition

Ronald R. Allen

In 1999, just a few weeks after the publication of Knox-Stalgia -- after earlier searching in vain for the location of the Flanders Race Track -- I naturally managed to locate that information. That site was listed in the book, with the notation that the location had not been determined, but my guesstimate of the possible location was far off base. I later found additional information about a number of other locations listed in the book. During the ensuing years, I've examined all of the entries in the original edition of Knox-stalgia, not only for accuracy, but for possible additional pertinent information. In addition, I've identified a number of sites that would have been included in the book had I originally known of their existence. The corrections and those additional sites have been included in this edition. At the present time, this edition has not been printed and does not include illustrations.

This book is still far from perfect. I'm sure there are other sites and communities that I still have not identified. For that matter, some places continue to be listed here without information as to their specific location. For example, there are at least two dozen different Knox County communities listed here that are identified in various editions of the Rand McNally railroad guidebooks, issued between 1889 and 1924, areas where I have not determined the locations. Those guidebooks do not specifically indicate the locations of those communities, although a "key" is provided to identify those locations, as shown on the original large folding maps that were issued with each of those books. Unfortunately, over the years those maps most have often been removed from the books. The author owns several of the original Rand McNally guidebooks, but in each instance the map had already been removed when they were acquired. Copies have been located at some local libraries, but in those instances the maps also are lacking. Without the maps, determining the location of those communities and without information available from other sources, has been frustrating and often all but impossible. Likewise, the location of some early communities where post offices were established have not been determined.

Generally, churches have not been included in this compilation, other than the listings of churches where other activities, usually public entertainments, were held on a regular basis in earlier years, being a time when few other venues for such activities were available elsewhere. Merely listing all the churches in Knoxville and Knox County was considered unnecessary for practical reasons. For example, in 1944, the city directory lists two hundred and thirty churches in Knoxville. Including those and other earlier churches would obviously have considerably increased the size of this compilation, and added little to the book. A number of compilations are already available on the subject, including such titles as Census of 134 Churches in Knoxville, 1925, by John Eddington ; Directory of Churches in Tennessee, Historical Records Survey. 1941 ; and History of Knox County Churches, an unpublished work compiled in 1959 by Nannie Lee Hicks' Central High School history students in 1959. In addition, separate histories of many churches in Knoxville and Knox County have been published.

While including in this edition some selective additional sites, such as restaurants, entertainment and meeting halls, pool halls and billiard parlors, tourist courts and tourist homes, this is far from a comprehensive record of those places, being merely being references to the existence of some of those places.

The purpose has been to acquaint the reader with many of the communities where people in Knoxville and Knox County lived, attended school, played, were entertained, watched sporting events, and were involved in other everyday things, from the earliest days until around 1950. The majority of the places listed here no longer exist, and the fact that the majority of them are rarely if ever mentioned in published histories of Knoxville and Knox County has been the primary inspiration for this compilation.

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ABBOTT'S ICE CREAM HALL. This is one of several examples included in this compilation that reveal the variety of locations where public entertainments were held in nineteenth century Knoxville. In 1886, a local newspaper reported "the Crouch orchestra gave a delightful concert at Abbott's Ice Cream Hall, in North Knoxville." Because North Knoxville was then a separate suburban city and residents and businesses were not listed in the 1886 city directory, the specific location of this parlor has not been determined. That year Staub's Theater was the only indoor venue in Knoxville designed specifically as a place for entertainment, although there were several halls in downtown buildings where such activities took place, and public entertainments were also often held at churches. By the 1930's, there were theaters with stages where live entertainment took place, including the Tennessee, the Strand, the Roxy, the Bijou, and the Rialto, and live entertainment was sometimes held at neighborhood theaters, examples including the Sunset and the Dawn theaters. Also, auditoriums at local schools including Knoxville High School, Park Junior High School, and others were then the site of public entertainment. While there now are venues designed for live entertainment, including the civic auditorium, the Tennessee and Bijou theaters, and other Knoxville sites, there has been a revival of musical entertainment in Knoxville at such places as restaurants and bars. Seemingly, there are a lot more performers, or aspiring entertainers, around than there are available sites specifically designed for the purpose today.

ACADEMIA. East Knox County. Academia was an early trading post east of the city. The Academia post office operated from 1835 to 1858, replacing the previous office known as MacMillan's. The first Academia Postmaster was Edward Eppes. The name of the post office was changed to Legg's Station in 1858, then later was changed back -- with the "s" dropped -- to "MacMillan." However, at least some of the area obviously continued to be known under the original community name of Academia long afterwards, since the 1893 Rand McNally Railroad Guidebook continues to list this community, although spelling it then as "Academe," with mail to that place c/o the MacMillan post office. The area was earlier called Cantonment Springs, and was also known as Ten Mile Point, being that distance from the city of Knoxville. Ten Mile is also the name of a creek located between Kingston Pike and Middle brook Pike in West Knox County, and in early days that designation was apparently used as a directional designation both east and west of the city. However, early historical accounts more often seem to refer to the section in the eastern portion of the county as "Ten Mile Point."

ACADEMIA SCHOOL. East Knox County. The Academia community is not shown on maps of the late nineteenth century, but the Academia School is depicted on the 1895 Knox County map by Pill and Nicholson, located about two and one-half miles west of Mascot and two miles southwest of Skaggston. The school was still in existence in 1913, being listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

ADAIR GARDENS. North Knoxville. A community in the eastern portion of the Fountain City area, north of Tazewell Pike, in the Adair Drive section. The majority of homes in this area were built in the 1920's and 1930's.

ADAIR'S CREEK. North Knoxville. A community in the area that today includes Fountain City. It was a portion of the original Adair/s Fort, or Station, (see below). The Adair's Creek post office operated from 1878 to 1891. The first Postmaster was Daniel Gawood. The 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer lists two schools, a Baptist Church and a Methodist Church, four general stores, and several other businesses in Adair's Creek. The evidence is clear that it was once separate, as that same directory also lists the community of Fountain Head, later called Fountain City, with a population of 300 persons at that time. The 1889 Rand McNally Railroad Guide indicates that mail to Fountain City was c/o the Knoxville post office, an odd circumstance since postal records also show that the nearby Adair's Creek post office was then in existence and did not close until 1891. For that matter, there was also a post office at that time at Smithwood, which obviously was in close proximity to Fountain City. For some reason, Adair's Creek is infrequently mentioned in histories of Knoxville and Fountain City, although Adair's Station is usually cited. The community obviously continued to be known as Adair's Creek late into the nineteenth century. It is still shown on the 1895 Vance, Coffee & Pill map of Knox Count. Whether historians have sometimes intertwined the name of Adair's Station with Adair's Creek is unclear, but Adair's Creek was a part of the much larger section that later became the Fountain City community.

ADAIR'S FORT / ADAIR'S STATION. North Knoxville. The earlier name of the community that became Fountain Head, then later Fountain City, including Adair's Creek (see above.) Settled around 1788. The location originally was along what is now Broadway, including approximately 640 acres extending northward to beyond what was became the site of the Holbrook Normal College, later the original location of Central High School. In 1924, a marker commemorating Fort Adair was placed on Broadway by the DAR, across from Sanders Lane.

ADCOCK. Adam Adcock was the Postmaster of the short-lived Adcock post office in Knox County (1898 to 1899) . Location not determined, and it is quite possible that this was never actually a Knox County community. Adcock is included here primarily because a post office existed by that name in Knox County.

J. A. ADCOCK BOARDING HOUSE. A boarding house, located at Number 92 Hill Avenue in 1890. That year, there are ten hotels listed in the city directory, but more than one hundred and fifty boarding houses were then in Knoxville, downtown and elsewhere. Only one of those boarding houses was operated by a single woman, thirteen were operated by men, and all the others were operated by married women (or, at least, by women who were identified as "Mrs" in the city directory). I found it more than slightly intriguing as why most of those boarding houses were being operated by those woman, my curiosity being whether they were widowed, divorced, or were living with their husbands. I decided to examine the situation, in an attempt to understand the possible reason(s) for that phenomena. Checking the listings in the 1890 directory, many of those women were in fact widowed. A number of others had no husband residing at the premises, but whether that was an indication that those women were divorced, or perhaps even that their husbands had simply left them high and dry, is of course not known. In any event, it would seem likely that in many instances the situation may have been that those women were attempting to somehow manage to eke out a living by soliciting boarders.

AIR DOME THEATER. The Air Dome was a vaudeville theater. Located at the northwest corner of Clinch Avenue and Market Street, it was in existence only for a couple of years, between 1908 and 1910. Few advertisements for the theater are found in local newspapers. A 1909 post card view is the only separate photographic view of the Air Dome Theater I've located. That photo verifies that this obviously was an outdoor theater, in addition to explaining the name "Air Dome", since it was an outdoor theater, the seats running along Clinch from Market Street, and facing the stage.

ALEXANDER PARK. North Knoxville. A playground and recreational park. The land was purchased by the city and the park was established around 1916, although for some reason Alexander Park is not listed in city directories until the 1930's. Located south of West Fifth Avenue, at Arthur Street and adjoining streets. It was also sometimes called the Fifth Avenue Park. Operated year-round, the park was second only to Caswell Park in the city in terms of annual attendance. Playground equipment, the playground itself, a shelter, a handicraft room, and bathroom facilities were at Alexander Park. The park disappeared with the construction of what originally was Interstate 75 (now I-275). That highway also wiped out buildings, residences, and some of the streets in the North Knoxville, McAnally Flats, and Mechanicsville communities. The displacement of the relatively few people and businesses that will result from the eventual widening and much-needed construction work currently underway for the section of Interstate 40 that runs through the city, near the downtown area, from near the Broadway entrance ramp to a point east of its intersection with Interstate 275 -- a relatively short distance, and in some areas previously a potential death trap -- pales in comparison with the uprooting of dwellings, families and buildings that took place when the original Interstate roads were constructed through Knoxville.

ALHAMBRA TOURIST COURT. As will be obvious to those who read this compilation, many of the places listed here existed in a time when things were different. In the years before 1950, people often bought groceries at neighborhood grocery stores, walked to local movie theaters, shopped at neighborhood stores, ate a neighborhood restaurants, and their lifestyles were not complicated with today's modern technologies. The Alhambra Tourist Court was located at 4249 Kingston Pike, in Bearden. Motels were yet to come onto the scene in 1950. Although "motels" are not listed in that year's city directory business listings, that directory does list a facility that was one of the earliest in Knoxville to be called a motel. It was the McKee Motel, on Kingston Pike, in the Bearden area, and it is shown under the alphabetical listings that year. Aside from the local hotels, travelers who were driving through town could also stay overnight at local facilities called Tourist Courts or Tourist Homes. Obviously the forerunners of today's more elaborate motels, those places provided primarily the convenience of overnight lodging. Tourist Courts were usually either a series of separate small buildings, or sometimes a single one story structure, and often those places were located outside the city limits. Tourist Homes were more often located inside the city, and were usually a single building, often a converted dwelling and normally a two story structure, where overnight lodging and occasionally breakfast was available. Those places were sometimes closely akin to what today are known as "bread and breakfast" facilities. While I did not feel it necessary to include separate listings in this compilation of all such places that have been in existence in Knoxville over the years, they were obviously prominently on the scene before 1950, and I thought that at least they should be mentioned here. I have arbitrarily selected a single year, 1947, and listed below are the Tourist Courts and Tourist Homes that were in existence in Knoxville that year. I can only conjecture as to why the majority of the Tourist Courts were located on Kingston Pike, but it seems likely that they were designed for traffic coming from the North and traveling through town towards Florida and other southern destinations, in addition to the fact that several were in close proximity to the University of Tennessee campus. One can also suppose that the much publicized bootlegger chase on Kingston Pike, made famous in the movie and song titled "Thunder Road" -- assuming such a chase actually took place -- passed some of those Kingston Pike Tourist Courts along the way. The majority of the Tourist Homes were on Magnolia, probably so located to accommodate tourists who were traveling down Highway 11-W and other sections from the east, many heading for the same eventual destinations as were many who were traveling from the north.

TOURIST COURTS - 1947

Alhambra Tourist Court, 4249 Kingston Pike ; Camp D-Lynn Tourist Court, 3311 North Broadway ; Highland Tourist Court, Kingston Pike ; Kozy Camp Tourist Court, Kingston Pike ; Lakeview Tourist Court, 6000 Chapman Highway ; Model Tourist Court, 4110 Kingston Pike ; Bearden Restwell Tourist Court, 4313 Kingston Pike ; Bearden Steinway Tourist Court, 4201 Kingston Pike ; Bearden Tolbert's Tourist Court, 4711 Broadway ; Fountain City Treemont Tourist Court, New Clinton Highway

TOURIST HOMES - 1947

Arcadie, 3041 East Magnolia ; Benziger, 1222-1224 East Magnolia ; Blue Star, 1520 East Magnolia ; Britton's, 1816 West Cumberland ; Broadway, 2205 North Broadway ; Cumberland, 1640 W Cumberland ; Foley's, 1521 East Magnolia ; Forest Lawn, 203 Prosser Road ; Frazier, 2205 East Magnolia ; Gateway, 2825 East Magnolia ; Hettie Lee, 2731 East Magnolia ; and Hooten, 2511 East Magnolia. One additional Tourist Home is listed in the 1947 city directory, but that place is listed under Hotels rather than Tourist Homes. It was the Robert Lee Tourist Home, located at 1223 North Central. At the southwest corner of Central and Scott, this was a single story structure. In those times, travelers from the north sometimes drove along Central when coming through town, thus the location of a tourist home on that street was perhaps not that unusual, although this seems to have been the only such facility that was located on Central.

ALICE BELL. North Knoxville. East of the Whittle Springs area, in the Valley View Road section. Originally settled around 1850, when the first homes were built in this area. A home built by Samuel L. Newton and Marjorie Legg Bell was constructed in the area around 1858, (thus the "Bell" in the community name.) Development of the community was fairly sparse until well into the twentieth century, and as late as the 1940's the majority of the homes in the Alice Bell section were at that time of relatively modern vintage.

ALICE BELL SCHOOL. A county elementary school, in the Alice Bell community, located on Washington Pike.

ALUMNI MEMORIAL AUDITORIUM / GYMNASIUM. On the University of Tennessee campus. Opened in 1931, the Alumni Memorial served as the location for many functions. The University Concert Series was inaugurated here in 1937. It also served for many years as the gymnasium where the U. T. basketball Volunteers played their home games. A worse location for a major university's basketball team for such activity has probably seldom been equaled, at least as far as spectators were concerned. At the ground level, between those seated in front of you and the overhead ceiling from the balcony, you were lucky to see anything. In the balcony itself, at the east end, you could barely see the players when they were anywhere near the basket at that end of the court, and for many years, since see-through backboards had not yet invented in those days, even when you saw the ball floating through the air towards the basket you had to rely on the crowd reaction to let you know if a shot had been made. One of the fun times was when Kentucky came to town, and their bench was located directly in front of a loud section of Vol supporters, who were so close to coach Adolph Rupp and the Wildcat team that the coach was often obviously irritated ( to say the least ). Which of course was why Rupp showed little mercy when his teams usually beat the dickens out of the Vols with regularity. Those lousy seats are perhaps less verifiable these days, due to the diminishing number of actual witnesses, being those few remaining Vol fans who actually attended Tennessee's basketball games at the old Alumni Memorial Gym.

ALZANA HOTEL. In the late 1940's, this was a hotel for black patrons, located at 121½ South Central. The hotel was located upstairs above a store building.

AMERICAN HOTEL. 524 South Gay Street. This had been the Arcade Hotel before 1904, then the name was changed to the Annex Hotel in 1904. In 1906, the name became the American Hotel. The hotel was on the east side of Gay, just north of the Imperial Hotel.

AMHERST. Northwest Knox County. A community around Middlebrook Pike, Amherst Road and Francis Road. There was never a post office at Amherst, and mail to this community in the 1920's was c/o the Byington post office.

AMHERST SCHOOL. A county elementary school, in the above community, on Amherst Road. Constructed as a WPA project in 1936. The school closed in 1973.

ANDERSON ADDITION. A suburban addition, in North Knoxville. Shown on Crozier's 1895 City of Knoxville map, in the section east of Central Avenue, northeast to Kenyon from what is now Woodland and northwest to a block beyond Emerald Street. The adjoining area to the north was later developed in the early twentieth century as the Oakwood community.

ANDERSON AVENUE FIELD. North Knoxville. Located near the northeast corner of Anderson, at Cornelia. A playground where area youngsters played softball and football games. Not a city-owned property, but an open field, apparently privately owned, and long merely vacant ground. A neighborhood grocery store bordered the field to the east, and the alley between Anderson and Oklahoma, north of this field, was called Radar Place, where a few small frame houses stood on the north side.

ANDERSON SCHOOL. A county elementary school, on Prospect Road. Listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

MRS. ANDERSON'S SCHOOL. A school that was advertised in the Knoxville Intelligencer, on January 31^st, 1823 to open in Knoxville, The location was stated to be near the Methodist meeting house, and described as a school "for the education of young ladies". The school was obviously in operation, although the duration is not known, but it operated at least for a couple of years, as the Intelligencer reported on December 6^th, 1824 that the next session of the school would open in January, 1825.

ISAAC ANDERSON SCHOOL. North Knox County, said to have been located on what now is Murphy Road, near Tazewell Pike. Originally established and operated by Isaac Anderson, who later became the head of the South Western Seminary in Maryville, now Maryville College. The school was later called the Woodland Academy.

ANNEX HOTEL. 524 South Gay Street. Previously the Arcade Hotel, the name was changed to Annex Hotel in 1904. Two years later the name changed again, to the American Hotel. Located just north of the Imperial Hotel.

ANNEX HOTEL. Another hotel called the Annex Hotel is listed in the 1917 city directory, located at 309 North Gay Street, north of the railroad, between Depot and Magnolia.

ANTIOCH SCHOOL. A school shown on the 1895 Knox County map, located in the Skaggston area.

APPALACHIAN HOTEL. The hotel at the northwest corner of South Gay Street and Cumberland. Originally opened in 1875 as the Schubert Hotel, and operated under names that included Hotel Knox, the New Schubert Hotel, Flanders Hotel, and the Hotel Cumberland. It then became the Appalachian Hotel, opening under that name in May, 1913, and continued under that name until around 1919, when it again became known as the Cumberland Hotel. The entire block where this hotel was located, along the west side of Gay between Cumberland and Church, is now a parking lot.

ARCADE HOTEL. 524 ½ South Gay Street. This was the name of the hotel at this location from 1898 until around 1904, when the name was changed to the Annex Hotel. Located on the east side of Gay, just north of the Imperial Hotel, other later names of this hotel were the American Hotel, the Hotel Sterling and the Royal Hotel.

ARCADE HOTEL. Another hotel called the Arcade Hotel was located on Union Avenue, west of Market Street, built six years or so after the name of the original Arcade Hotel on Gay Street was changed to the Annex Hotel. This Arcade hotel burned to the ground in a fire in 1930. Four people perished in the blaze.

ARCADE THEATER. A theater located at 716 South Central. The Arcade Theater opened in 1908 and closed the following year. This was one of the early theaters in Knoxville to show silent movies in addition to the usual vaudeville fare. The Arcade was located between Church and Cumberland, on the east side of Central.

ARLINGTON. North Knoxville. The section along both sides of Broadway, between Atlantic and Mineral Springs, and the surrounding residential section. The route of the Fountain Head Railway was from the passenger depot at the corner of Holston and Broadway, via Lincoln Park, through Arlington, and on to Fountain Head. Arlington developed on the properties of the Chavannes, Emory, and McCampbell families. In 1894, the Knoxville Blue Book lists the families living in Arlington as being the Oldhams, Kestersons, and Emorys. At that time, the nearest area schools were the Forestdale School, and the Moorefield School, slightly over a mile to the east. Arlington is listed as a suburban community of Knoxville in early twentieth century city directories. The 1906 city directory shows the population in Arlington to be forty-six persons.

ARLINGTON HOTEL. 803 South Gay Street. The name of the White House (the Lamar House location) had been changed to the Auditorium Hotel in 1907, then by 1913 the name was changed again, to the Arlington Hotel. I've found little information concerning activities at this hotel during those years, but a local newspaper does mention in August, 1913, that eleven people were arrested for running a gambling operation at the Arlington Hotel. Around 1917, the name was changed back to Lamar House.

ARMINDA. East Knox County. A community described in one of the compilations by Nannie Lee Hicks' Central High School students as being located generally in the area from the railroad at Ellistown Road to the Arminda School, near the Rutledge Pike section, from Bramville Road to Shipe Road. The section was originally named for Arminda Roberts, who donated the land where the Arminda School was built. The 1895 Vance, Coffee and Pill Knox County map does not show Arminda as a Knox County community at that time, but does show the Arminda School (below). For that matter, although the unpublished history of Arminda by students of Miss Hicks, compiled in the late 1940's, is rather extensive, I have been unable to locate any old maps that show the Arminda community, although it apparently originally existed under that name.

ARMINDA SCHOOL. The Arminda School is shown on the 1895 Knox County map, about a mile northeast of the MacMillan community. The school continued to operate for much of the twentieth century.

ARMORY HALL. There were two downtown Armory Halls in Knoxville in the nineteenth century. The first was located on Gay street, between Main and Cumberland, when several local military units met weekly. In September, 1899, the state of Tennessee leased the hall in the new Market House and it became the home of the Wilder Guards and was also called Armory Hall. More than a dozen years later, a Mardi Gras Carnival, sponsored by the ladies of the Catholic Church, was held at Armory Hall during the week of March 2, 1913, where an improvised stage was used for songs and performances on the first night, but the second night's concert was moved to the Market Hall auditorium, also at the Market House, because of the limited space at Armory Hall.

ARMSTRONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. A county school, opened around 1930, on Hightop Road. A new brick building was later constructed for the school.

ARMSTRONG HIGH SCHOOL. A Knox County school, listed in the 1907 Knox County Second District Public School report. Located in the Park City community. The school was extensively renovated and reopened as the Park City High School.

ARMSTRONG CHAPEL SCHOOL. A Knox County school for African American students, listed in the 1906-1907 Knox County Second District Public School report.

ARMSTRONG'S GROVE. An article appeared in the Chronicle on June 20^th, 1878, announcing a picnic that was to be held that day by the Welsh Church and Mechanicsville Literary Society. The site of the picnic was at a place called Armstrong's Grove. The location of that site has not been determined.

ARNOLD HOTEL. A hotel located at 600 Church Street, at the southwest corner of Locust. The Arnold hotel was in existence from 1931 until after 1950. The hotel location was south and across Church street from where the Rich's department store was later built.

ART SCHOOL. An art school, listed on South Gay Street in the 1869 Knoxville directory. No other information has been located.

ASBURY. East Knox County. North of the French Broad River and south of Marbledale, in the Asbury Road / Asbury School Road area. Originally settled in the 1780's. The Asbury post office was established in June, 1874 and operated until 1912. Mail thereafter was c/o the Knoxville post office. Some references indicate that when the Mecklenburgh post office was reopened, after having been closed during the Civil War, it was the same post office that had originally been the Asbury post office. U. S. postal records contradict that assumption, since the Asbury post office was not even in existence until 1874. The 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer describes Asbury as "a thickly settled neighborhood, six miles from Knoxville, with a Presbyterian church, a Methodist church, one school, and a general store owned by John M. Ross". One map from the 1880's spells the name as "Asberry". According to the Rand McNally Railroad Guide, the population of Asbury was seventy-five persons in 1919.

ASBURY SCHOOL. A school is shown in the Asbury community on the 1895 Knox County map. It is still listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report

ASBURY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. A county school, on Asbury School Road. Opened circa 1938.

ASYLUM STREET GROUNDS (1). A baseball field, located near the corner of Asylum (now Western) Avenue and University Avenue, in the nineteenth century. Originally it was also known as the Clarendon Place grounds, when the residential section in the area was called Clarendon Place. It was the home field for the Knoxville Reds baseball team, and also the site of public entertainments, an example being when the John B. Doris Circus exhibited at the site in 1886. The fences and grandstand were removed in 1889 and the following year a new baseball park was established a few blocks to the east, south of Asylum and bordering the railroad tracks on the east and Dale Avenue on the west. That new site was renamed Baldwin Park in 1895, after Knoxville's baseball team played one season at a new ball park in Fountain City.

ASYLUM STREET GROUNDS (2). Local newspaper accounts usually continued to refer to the new baseball park, located between Dale and York, also as the Asylum Street Grounds, although a map of Knoxville issued in 1895 identifies the location as Central Park. The Knoxville Electric Company's line ran from Market Square past the baseball park and into Mechanicsville. It was not only the home field of the Knoxville Reds baseball team but also the site of UT football games and various outdoor public entertainments. In 1891, the University of Tennessee's athletic association leased these grounds as a practice and game facility for its football team. On August 28^th, 1892, the Journal reported that "the colored population of Knoxville and surrounding towns" were to hold a large Labor Day celebration at "the baseball park" (i.e., the Asylum Street Grounds) That day-long celebration consisted of numerous contests, with prizes awarded to the winners, including what seem to have been some rather humorous competitions, with a pen awarded to the largest girl under age fifteen, a lamp to the ugliest man,"by which he is expected to improve his appearance", and the ugliest lady over forty was to receive a picture -- thankfully, according to the newspaper account -- "not her own" image. In October, 1892, the Journal reported that large crowds had been watching the Vols' football practices at the Asylum Street Grounds, when following those practices the team "ran back to the hill, a distance of about one mile". On May 7^th, 1894, the Adam Forepaugh Circus exhibited at the site, when a morning parade preceding the opening of that circus, into downtown and back to the circus grounds, entered the city and returned via the Fifth Avenue bridge, since there was no bridge over the railroad tracks at that time on Asylum avenue (now Western avenue). The site was temporarily abandoned in 1894 and the Reds played their home games at the new Fountain City baseball park in Smithwood. However, the following season they returned to the same site, this time as the Indians, when the name of the field bordering Asylum Street was changed to Baldwin Park.

ATKIN HOTEL. At the northeast corner of Gay Street and Depot. The Atkin Hotel was under construction in November, 1909, and opened on September 1, 1910. By 1939, the name had been changed to the Milner Hotel, then by the late 1940's it had been renamed the Earle Hotel. The building was demolished in 1966. This is now the site of the Regas Restaurant and its parking lot.

ATKIN HOUSE. A hotel constructed shortly after the Civil War. Shown in the 1869 city directory, "at the foot of Gay Street". The 1884 directory locates the hotel "opposite the passenger depot", when at that time the passenger depot was on the south side of Depot street, between Gay and Broadway, west of the much larger passenger station that was later built in the early twentieth century. This was the first "Atkin Hotel". The second and much larger one was built in the same general area (see above), on the opposite corner. The Atkin House was located at the southwest corner of Depot and Gay, along the west side of the bridge that crossed the tracks from Jackson to Depot, called the Iron Bridge. That bridge had been completed on January 1^st, 1877. The main entrance to the hotel was from the bridge along the west side of Gay.

ATKIN STREET CHURCH. Local Welsh citizens celebrated St. David's Day at the Atkin Street Church, where 200 heard speeches, recitations and music.

ATKINS ADDITION. An early addition to the city, east of the downtown area, near the river, from the railroad tracks to Hill Avenue, between Main and Front Streets, to Water Street and Swan Street. The development is shown on Crozier's 1895 City of Knoxville map as the "Atkins Pork House Addition". The Knoxville Pork House was in the area, shown in the 1869 city directory as being located "at the mouth of First Creek, at the river".

AUDITORIUM / AUDITORIUM SKATING RINK. A large building with a semi-circular roof, this facility originally opened in 1905 as the Charles McNabb Skating Rink (which see). The rink was open during the 'season', when Staub's Theater was closed for regular programing during the summer months, generally between September and May, and was closed during the summer months. In 1907, the name of the White House (the Lamar House location) was changed to the Auditorium Hotel, when the hotel property and the skating rink property were purchased from McNabb. The skating rink re-opened on September 16^th, 1907, renamed the Auditorium Skating Rink, where McNabb initially continued as the manager, at which time he also operated a firm called the Hippodrome Amusement Company. Apparently, the original new name of the auditorium was to have been the Hippodrome, and for one year it is listed in the city directory under that name, although no advertisements have been found to indicate that name was ever used to promote activities at the site. The name of the Hippodrome does appear later in the general area, when in 1920 the Hippodrome Motor Company was located at 806 South Gay Street. The building was located between Main and Cumberland, behind the hotel building. While skating continued to be a popular activity at the site, it also was a venue for live entertainment, public gatherings, and the showing of silent movies was continued, as had earlier been the case at the McNabb Rink. In 1908, an entertainment series called Knoxville's Great Lyceum Course was held at the Auditorium, including performances by the Commonwealth Ladies Orchestra, the Sprague Dramatic Club, the Litchfield Entertainers, and the Lyceum Grand Concert Band. Earlier city directories show the location on Cumberland Avenue, at the southwest corner of Gay. By 1908, it is shown on Main, at the northwest corner of Gay (although the facility was located somewhat west of the actual corner.) In 1909, the address is shown as 811 South Gay, apparently the indication that by that time the entrance (or at least one entrance) to the Auditorium was on Gay Street, south of the hotel entrance. Thus it is evident that long before Cas Walker loudly protested that we would have a "white elephant" on our hands when the Civic Auditorium / Colosseum on Church Street was being planned many years later, Knoxville had already previously had an "Auditorium". In 1910, the city directory shows this location as vacant, and in the Main Street block, near the south end of the Auditorium, the 1911 directory shows that the Marble City Motor Company and Garage were located on Main Street. However, despite such listings in those directories, the Auditorium was obviously still in operation in early 1913, when the Journal reported that speeches and other proceedings during the observation of Emancipation by the city's African American population were held at the Auditorium, on April 9^th, 1913. Soon thereafter, local newspapers reported that the Auditorium had been purchased by the Knoxville Railway and Light Company, and the building was converted into a facility for parking street cars and as a repair shop for that company.

AUDITORIUM. Before the opening of the National Conservation Exposition at Chilhowee Park, a new auditorium was built as an annex to the Land Building, completed in July, 1913. That auditorium had a seating capacity of three thousand persons. The Land Building was located approximately in the section of the park where the boxing arena building today.

AUDITORIUM SKATING RINK. This was a different skating rink from the downtown Auditorium. In October, 1910, an article in the Journal reported that a boxing bout was held at this skating rink between two colored boxers, "Champion Reid and 'Kid' Rivers", locating the skating rink at the corner of Central and Vine. This Auditorium Skating Rink was in existence for several years, being still listed in the 1919 city directory, The rink was located on the third floor of the building that was known as the "Famous Building".

AUDITORIUM HOTEL 801-805 Gay Street, the one time name of the hotel commonly known today as the Lamar House. The name was changed from the Old Homestead to the Auditorium Hotel, and operated under that name from 1907 to around 1912, when the new hotel management also purchased and operated the McNabb Skating Rink, located behind the hotel building, and renamed it the Auditorium (which see). The hotel name had been changed to the Arlington Hotel by 1913.

AUGUSTA HOTEL. A hotel shown on the 1884 Knoxville map issued by the Fire Underwriters Association, located at the southwest corner of the alley at Crozier Street (Central), between West Depot and West Park (Magnolia). The name of that alley at Crozier, running west to Gay street, was Common Alley.

AUSTIN HOMES. East Knoxville. A public housing project, completed in 1941. Constructed soon after two other local housing projects, College Homes and Western Heights, were opened in Knoxville. Austin Homes contained 200 apartments when it was completed and was designed for African American residents.

AUSTIN SCHOOL / AUSTIN HIGH SCHOOL. A city school for black children, opened around 1879. Financed through funds obtained by Miss Emily Austin from Philadelphia, and from Miss Isa E. Gray in Boston, and other contributions primarily from citizens in Northern states. The funds were used to complete the school building and the city agreed there would be no tuition charge. In 1883, there were 318 students at the Austin School, also called the Austin High School. The school was originally located at 327 South Central, on the west side, between Commerce and Union. It was primarily a training school for African American youngsters, since original newspaper records reveal that each year there were only a handful of graduates from the institution. The original building was later abandoned, pupils were transferred to the Green School, and that school was renamed the Austin High School, or the Colored High School. Most references refer to the earlier school merely as the Austin School, but it was also called the Austin High School. When the new Colored High School was built on Vine in 1928, also named the Austin High School, the Green School again took its original name.

BAKER HIMEL SCHOOL See University School.

BAKER HIMEL PARK / FIELD. The school catalog for the University School, also called the Baker Himel School, pictures and describes the school's playing and recreational field as the "Baker Himel Athletic Field" for the year 1905-1906, stating that the field then belonged to the school, and also stating that at the time this was the only ball park in Knoxville. There were then in fact at least two other baseball fields -- Chilhowee Park and Brewer's Park in East Knoxville -- but that statement was technically correct, since those fields then were not within the city limits. The Baker Himel field is described in the school brochure as being located three blocks from the school in a northern direction. Originally the field was called the Asylum Street grounds, the site of home games played by Knoxville's baseball team, the Reds, or Indians, then later the name was changed to Baldwin Park (see below). The Baker Himel School (the University School) acquired the property around 1905. Games in the city baseball league in 1905 were played at the Baker Himel Park, and the field was the site of baseball and football games by the school itself and other Knoxville schools. An athletic organization called the Prep School League was founded in the early twentieth century, at which time only Baker Himel School and Knoxville High School were the original members. Later, the league included the Deaf and Dumb School (TSD), Central High School, and the YMCA. The University of Tennessee continued to use the location for baseball games after it was acquired by Baker Himel School, an example being a baseball game between U. T. and the Rolla (Missouri) School of Mines, played at the site on April 18^th, 1907.

BALDWIN PARK. Originally known as the Asylum Street Grounds, this was the site of home games played by Knoxville's baseball team beginning in 1890, when the location was removed from the original site near the corner of Asylum and University to a location nearer the city, bordering the railroad tracks. In 1895, new fences and a grandstand were built at the site and Knoxville's baseball team returned to the Asylum Street location for its home games, after playing one season at a new Fountain City baseball park in Smithwood during the 1894 season. The name was changed to Baldwin Park, for - Baldwin, vice president of the Southern Railway who arranged with the management of the baseball team to permit them to return to the site and use the facility. In 1895, newspaper references usually refer to and the team as the Indians instead of the Reds, although sometimes the names were apparently interchangeable. The Indians continued to play their home games at Baldwin Park through the 1897 season. Knoxville didn't field a baseball team in 1898 or 1899. All of the University of Tennessee's home football games from 1895 through 1899 were played at Baldwin Park, other than in 1898, when UT did not field a football team. Baseball teams consisting of military personnel stationed at camps in Knoxville played baseball games at the park in 1898, and local amateur contests were played at the site in 1899. One benefit baseball game was played by members of the "old" Reds team at Baldwin Park in October, 1899. By the early twentieth century, the University School, also known as the Baker Himel School, had secured the use of Baldwin Park for its sports teams and the name had been changed to University field.

BALL CAMP. West Knox County. A community in the Hind's Valley section, the area around the intersection of Middlebrook Pike and Ball Camp Road, and Hardin Valley and Lovell Roads. The historical road marker today shows the location as "Highways US 11 and US 70, 4.25 miles east of Farragut". The Ball Camp post office operated from 1852 to 1904. Mail thereafter was c/o the Concord post office. The first Postmaster was William S. Callaway. The community was named for Revolutionary War soldier Nicholas Ball, who settled in the area in the 1780's. The 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer lists "several churches and schools, a grist mill, four general stores" and other businesses in Ball Camp. The 1919 Rand McNally Railroad Guide shows a population of two hundred persons in Ball Camp. The original road that led to this community was Ball Camp Pike. Much of that road still exists, but now begins west of Interstate 640, weaving back and forth across Western Avenue / Oak Ridge Highway, before finally turning to the southwest. Before the construction of the Solway Road (now Oak Ridge Highway.) For many years before the construction of interstate highways, what today is Western Avenue was called the Clinton Road, west from University Avenue and west to the point where Clinton Road turned to the north on what is now Pleasant Ridge Road. From that point, where Clinton Road turned to the north, the road west of that point was Ball Camp Pike.

BALL CAMP SCHOOL. In the Ball Camp community. Originally a one room school house, existing during (and possibly before) the Civil War. A newer frame building was constructed in 1889. That school is shown on the 1895 Knox County map. A new school building was built in 1953, across from the original location.

BANNER LODGE HALL. A downtown hall, located in 1884 at 128 Gay Street, on the east side, between Cumberland and Church, above Akers Auction House.

BARBARA HILL. West Knoxville. The original name for the hill where the buildings of East Tennessee College, (later East Tennessee University, now the University of Tennessee) is located. The name was commonly used when the college was moved to its new location in 1826. Named for Barbara Blount, the daughter of William Blount, for whom the original school, Blount College, was named. Well into the nineteenth century the UT area was called College Hill, as was the general surrounding residential section. For much of time since then, students have called the school simply "The Hill".

BARBEQUE GROUNDS. North Knoxville. The Knoxville Chronicle, reporting the July 4^th 1881 Independence Day celebration, reported that "the local colored people paraded out Broad to the barbeque grounds, near the National Cemetery, the same place as used for the political barbeque last year." The article describes the location as "near the street car stables". Those stables were at the corner of Central and Broadway. Possibly these grounds were somewhere on Holston Street, along that street where the National Cemetery adjoins the Old Gray Cemetery, or on Broadway. In any event, these Barbeque Grounds were apparently located somewhere between Tyson Street and the corner of Central and Broadway.

BARBER'S MILL. East Knoxville. In the Thorngrove area, generally north between Midway Road and Smith Road and south of Thorngrove Pike. A community that dates back to the nineteenth century, at which time mail to Barber's Mill was c/o the Thorngrove post office.

BARNE'S SCHOOL. A private school, located at Clinch and John Streets, listed in city directories in the late nineteenth century. Operated by a Miss M. R. Barnes.

BASE BALL GROUNDS. Another name for the Union Base Ball Grounds, or Gay Street Base Ball Grounds. Knoxville's earliest baseball field, located between Gay Street and State Street, north of Union. Said to have been established originally in late 1865, although no contemporary accounts of games at the site that year have been located. An early baseball tournament was played in Knoxville in November, 1867, at the Base Ball Grounds, as reported in the Daily Herald that month. On the second day of the tournament, two Knoxville teams, the Knoxvilles and the Holstons, were scheduled to walk to the game together, accompanied by a marching band. The band failed to show up, but it was probably just as well that the big parade was not a preliminary build-up for what turned out to be a one-sided affair, since the Holstons scored forty runs in the first two innings and embarrassed the Knoxvilles by the score of 90 to 25. The Holstons also won that tournament. The following year, the Holstons played for the state championship against Nashville, one of those games being played at the Base Ball Grounds in Knoxville.

BAYLESS. North Knox County. A community north of Preston and west of Snoderly. The Bayless post office operated from 1886 to 1904 (prior to 1886, it had been located in Union County). The first Bayless Postmaster was Elijah George. When the post office was closed, mail thereafter was c/o the Fountain City post office. Named for the Bayless train station, which was located at the Bayless Blacksmith Shop. Bayless was in close proximity to Dante, but was a separate community, as post offices were in operation in both communities from 1888 until 1904. In the late nineteenth century, the local school was called the Oak Grove School. Another school was about two miles to the northwest, Vandergriff's School. Bayless is still listed in the 1910 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, with a population of thirty.

BAYS MOUNTAIN. South Knox County. This is included here since I do find occasional late nineteenth century newspaper references to the Bays Mountain section, although there was never a post office in the community and it is not shown on old maps, other than the geographical feature itself.

BEAMAN'S LAKE / BEAMAN'S PARK. East Knoxville. The original name for what is now Chilhowee Park. In the 1870's, F.C. Beaman, an educator moved to Tennessee in the middle nineteenth century, and together with his brother, Orin Beaman, purchased this property, previously owned by Alexander MacMillan. F. C. Beaman farmed at the property for some years, also teaching school at East Tennessee Wesleyan College. Kno xville newspapers reported that "Professor Beaman" opened the Huckleberry Springs Institute in Knox County in 1874. By the middle 1880's, Beaman had created a lake on the East Knox county property and called it Beaman's Lake. He also created a recreational area surrounding the lake and called it Beaman's Park. His home was near the original entrance to the park. The park opened for the public in 1887, called Beaman's Lake and Beaman's Park, and an advertisement in the Daily Tribune on June 10^th, 1887, promoted that year's July 4th celebration, to be held at Beaman's Park. Apparently that was the only year the park itself was known as Beamans' Park, although the lake was still know as Beaman's Lake until around 1890. By then, the section of the park that was located south of what today is Magnolia avenue was known as Elmwood Park. Beaman leased the property to the Knoxville Lake Park Springs Company in 1890, and the name of the lake was changed, for a few days to Lake Como, then to Lake Ottosee. Several years later, in 1896, local newspapers published reports of a continuing legal battle concerning a lease Beaman had signed with William G. McAdoo, of the Knoxville Electric Company, having to do with keeping the park open. That lease was being contested by J. S. Africa, who claimed that Beaman already had also signed a contract with him. For more than a century now, the name of the park has been Chilhowee Park, except for several years in the late 1920's and early 1930's, when the name was changed to Sterchi Park. Maps as late as 1930 show that Beaman Street not only was the name of the street that runs north to south along the western edge of Chilhowee Park, it was also the name of the street from south of Lansing Street to McCalla Avenue, where Elmwood Park bordered McCalla on the south and Magnolia Avenue terminated at the western edge of the park.

BEAMAN'S LAKE. Smaller than the original lake, Park, another "Beaman's Lake" was also constructed by F.C. Beaman, not long after he sold his interest in the lake and park then called lake Ottosee, eventually to become Chilhowee Park. The new lake was in existence as early as October, 1892, when the Journal reported that the local Thoreau Club took one of their weekly rambles to the new lake. This lake was located southeast of what years later became the Holston Heights area, northeast of Yellowstone Road and north of McDonald Drive. On July 4, 1913, a young man named Charles Cole drowned in the lake. From the early twentieth century until the 1920's, and perhaps later, it was a popular recreational area in East Knoxville. Based on newspaper accounts, in more modern times it had become a mosquito-infested and blighted area that local residents were attempting to remove from the neighborhood.

BEARDEN. West Knoxville. Usually considered to be the section in the Kingston pike area, generally between Northshore Drive eastward to around Homberg Place, although obviously including some distance to the west, since that section of the pike has long been known as "Bearden Hill". City directories in the 1940's identify Bearden as the section from Carr to Agnes Avenue. The area was settled in the nineteenth century. Most sources indicate the community was named for a Knoxville Mayor, Marcus D. Bearden, who owned a farm in the area. The community was originally called Erin, the name of the local train station. Later the name of a section of the original community of Erin was changed to Cooper, then later that community name was changed to Crippen. References mentioning that the name of the entire community of Erin was changed to Cooper are seemingly in error, since Erin was still in existence in 1893, years after the name of the Cooper post office had changed to Crippen. Eventually, the entire section became known as Bearden. The Bearden post office was in existence until 1938. The population of Bearden in 1910 was seventy-five persons. The 1913 city directory shows that the streets then considered to be in Bearden included Anderson Ave., Bearden Road, and portions of Kingston Pike and Lyons View Road. Interestingly, an adjoining "Bearden" community is separately listed in that directory, where twelve of the nineteen residents residing there were African American families. That section of Bearden was in the area south of Kingston Pike that was a community of black families also known as the Lyons View community. A portion of Bearden was annexed into the city in 1917 and the remaining area was annexed in 1962, when the massive annexation by the city of Knoxville included West Hills, Fountain City, Cumberland Estates, and other areas in Knox County.

BEARDEN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. In Bearden, on Kingston Pike. A county school.

BEARDEN FIELD. West of Tobler Lane, between the railroad tracks and Sutherland Avenue, including the area where West High School is now located. This was where the Knoxville Aero Corporation, later named the McGhee Tyson Airport, was located in the late 1920's and early 1930's. See McGhee Tyson Airport.

BEARDEN HIGH SCHOOL. Kingston Pike. A county school. The school obviously existed in the early twentieth century, since in my personal collection of Knoxville memorabilia I have a handwritten diary of a female student who attended Bearden High School in 1912, identifying the faculty members and the ten graduates in her senior class (consisting of nine girls and one boy). In those times. it should be remembered that at many county schools, including Bearden, all classes from the first grade through the final year (being the tenth grade at that time) were taught in the same school building, and the designation of "high school" was obviously different at such schools. The location of Bearden High School in later years was on the north side of Kingston Pike. In modern times, a new building for the school opened southwest of town, not located in Bearden, but at a locale I've heard some people refer to as Lenoir City, since it seems the school is now closer to that town than to downtown Knoxville.

BEARDEN SCHOOL. A school for African American children, located on Lyons View Pike. Children in the African American Lyons View community attended school here.

BEARDEN'S ADDITION. North Knoxville. An early addition to the city. In a triangular section of four blocks from Broadway at its intersection with Central Avenue, including the section to Baxter Street.

JOHN P. BEARDEN TAVERN. Listed in the Knoxville Register on July 13^th, 1836, as "a house of entertainment, on the main stage road, ten miles west of Knoxville, the stand so long kept by Lewis Cox."

BEARDSLEY JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL. A city school for black students. Opened in 1936 as the Mechanicsville school, at 1901 College Street, at the northeast corner of Reynolds, north of Western Avenue, but the name was changed to the Beardsley Junior High School.

BEAUMONT. North Knoxville. Beaumont is shown on the 1895 City of Knoxville map in the area between Beaumont Avenue and Virginia Avenue, at the southwestern edge of Lonsdale, from what is now McSpadden Street, and southwest to two or three blocks from Clinton Road (Western Avenue.) On that map, Beaumont is shown as a sparsely developed area. The residential community was soon developed in the early twentieth century, by the firm of Doll and Mynderse, the same firm that had also developed the Island Home Park residential section. The 1913 city directory lists Beaumont as a suburban community, with streets including Beaumont, McCulla, Mercer, Park, Reed and Surry.

BEAUMONT SCHOOL. Originally in the city of North Knoxville, in the Beaumont community. Originally opened as the Beaumont Avenue School in 1915. Became a city school in 1917, when Beaumont became a part of the city. The school was at the same location as the present school, but is no longer recognizable as being the same building, with the many additions and alterations that have taken place.

BEAVER CREEK / BEAVER CREEK VALLEY. North Knox County. The valley between Cooper Ridge and Beaver Ridge, the area where the Beaver Ridge community (which see) was located in the western area, and communities such as Powell's Station were located to the northeast. Beaver Creek is referred to in local papers throughout the nineteenth century, examples being a report of a July 4th celebration at Beaver Creek, reported in the Tribune on July 22^nd, 1828, and another in the Knoxville Chronicle, in 1886, reporting that the July 4th celebration was held "at Stony Point Church, in the Beaver Creek Valley". It was probably in one of the communities such as Beaver Ridge or Tunnel Hill (Powell Station) where the infamous Harpe brothers were committing vicious crimes in the early days of the county. The activities of those criminals are related in James Hall's The Harpe's Head, printed in 1833, and accounts of those crimes are repeated in J. W. M. Breazeale's book, Life As It Is, published in Knoxville in 1842, where the Harpe brothers were reported to have committed their crimes in the Beaver Creek Valley. Although some writings have suggested that those activities took place in southwest Knox County, in sections such as Campbell's Station, it seems likely that the crimes of the Harpe brothers were not committed in that section, at least if the historical accounts that report the site was in the Beaver Creek Valley area are accurate. Neither the Beaver Creek Valley, nor Beaver Creek itself, are located in the southwestern section of the county.

BEAVER DAM. North Knox County. The original nineteenth century name for the community later known as Halls Cross Roads (now Halls). This was still the community name in 1873, when local papers reported that year that Judge Lewis had presented an oration at Beaver Dam. The community name had obviously changed by 1881, when the Tennessee State Gazetteer, referring to Beaver Dam, directs the reader to the description of Halls Cross Roads in that compilation.

BEAVER RIDGE. West Knox County. Generally in the area of the community now known as Karns, southwest of the old community of Treeville. The community name was of derived from the ridge of the same name running through that section of the county, where the area between Beaver Ridge and Copper Ridge is known as Beaver Creek Valley. Beaver Ridge was an early Knox County community. The Beaver Ridge post office operated from 1835 to 1858, then again -- following a brief closure -- from 1860 to 1904. Mail thereafter was c/o the Byington post office. The description of Beaver Ridge in the 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer indicates that this was a community of one hundred inhabitants, with one school, three churches, three grist mills, and two general stores. The Dickey School, for black children, was in the area. In 1876, an article in the Chronicle reported, in a "News from Beaver Ridge" article, that a school house "belonging to the colored people, known as the old Dickey School, located near Hackney's Mill", was consumed by fire on July 15^th, 1876. Schools in the area included the Beaver Ridge School, opened around 1874. That and other area schools were replaced by Karns High School in 1913. Another community, called Byington, later developed in the area. Today, the area once known as Beaver Ridge is called Karns, the community name having been adapted from the names of the local schools, and as a result of a vote of area residents to change the community name to Karns in the 1950's. Even so, for some years thereafter, maps of Knox County continue to show the community name as Beaver Ridge instead of Karns, and the last time I looked there are still some area business firms that still retain the name of Beaver Ridge in their names. Today, Beaver Ridge Drive still weaves its original course, crossing at various points along Oak Ridge highway. That road is not dissimilar from the eastern portions of Ball Camp Pike, and both of these old roads provide ample evidence that early settlers, likely due to difficulties in transporting people and goods, preferred not to climb some of the hills when they could go around them.

BEAVER RIDGE SCHOOL. In the Beaver Ridge community. A school is said to have been located in this area since the early nineteenth century, in various formats and sizes. This school is shown on the 1895 Knox County map, and the same school is listed in local newspapers as participating in the Knox County educational rally in 1913.

BEECH GROVE. Northeast Knox County. East of Maynardville Highway, between Old Maynardville Pike and Thomas Weaver Road. The community was originally known as Snoderly.

BEECH GROVE SCHOOL. The Beech Grove School, in the Beech Grove community, is shown on the 1895 Knox County map. The school is also listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

BELL AVENUE GROUNDS / BELL STREET GROUNDS. A place for outdoor entertainment, these grounds were located on Bell Avenue, (later Jackson), east of Central. In 1891, attractions appearing at the Bell Street Grounds included the King and Franklin Circus and the Washburn and Arlington Oriental Hippodrome and Monster Circus. The site continued to be the site of outdoor shows well into the twentieth century, an example being when the combined Buffalo Bill Wild West Show and Pawnee Bill's Far East show played at the Bell Avenue Grounds on June 6, 1913.

BELL BRIDGE. North Knox County. Southwest of Powell, near the present intersection of Emory Road and Clinton Highway. Beaver Creek ran through the property of Samuel Bell (see Bell's Campground) and this community was named for a bridge built over that creek. In one of the unpublished studies of Knox County communities compiled by the students of Central High School teacher and historian Nannie Lee Hicks, issued in 1950, the statement is found that "the old Bell's Bridge post office building" was still standing at that time. However, a post office building then located in the area was probably either the Powell's Station or the Tunnel Hill post office building, since according to U. S. postal records no post office ever existed at Bell Bridge.

BELL'S CAMPGROUND. Located in North Knox County, Bell Campground was a Methodist meeting house and camp ground, for all denominations, originally built in the early 1800's. It was located in the Powell area, in the section where Bell Campground Road intersects with Old Clinton Pike, near the Anderson County line. In late September and early September, 1890, the East Tennessee Holiness Association held its annual camp meeting at the grounds, when 500 or so attended daily services, where the grounds were described in a newspaper report as being located "on Copper Ridge, eleven miles north of the city and within a mile of the Knoxville and Ohio railroad." The Bell Cabin, built either by John Menifee or Samuel Bell around 1795, was still standing in the 1950's. Bell's Campground was in the same general area where Minefee's Station was originally located.

BELL HOUSE HOTEL. Located at 202 West Main, at the corner of State, the Bell House Hotel was constructed in 1854. The hotel was built by James Bell, an early settler in the Campbell Station section, who originally came to Tennessee from Virginia and operated the Campbell Station tavern. In 1859, the hotel was being operated by William A. And Jedges L. Spencer, and that year their advertisement in the city's first Knoxville directory includes an unexplained statement, "Late Lamer", apparently an indication that the hotel had earlier been operated under that name. The hotel at the corner of Gay and Cumberland was renamed the Lamar House around that same time, but I find no record of a "Lamer Hotel" in Knoxville, and the statement in the Bell House hotel ad in 1859 remains a mystery to this author. After the Civil War, the hotel changed hands twice, then was purchased by the city of Knoxville in 1872, for use as a school.

BELL HOUSE SCHOOL. A city school, originally operated in what had been the Bell House Hotel building, In 1882, classes in grades one through ten were offered at the school, the top level of education being usually the same as at other area schools at that time. The building eventually became unsound and was demolished in 1897, and a new school building was built at the same site, originally called the John Sevier School, but the name was soon changed back to Bell House School.

BELLE MORRIS SCHOOL. A grammar school located on Washington Pike. The school was dedicated on September 1^st, 1915. It replaced an earlier school known as the Camp Ground School. It became a city school when the area became a part of the city in 1917.

BELLEVIEW SCHOOL. A nineteenth century school in East Knoxville, located at the corner of Bertrand and Howard Streets. Became a city school in 1897. Local newspapers reported that the students at this school celebrated the Tennessee Centennial celebration on April 2, 1898.

BELLEVUE HOTEL. A hotel at 425 West Clinch avenue. The hotel was at this location from the 1930's until after 1950.

BELT JUNCTION. North Knox County. A Knox County community, listed in the Rand McNally Railroad Guidebooks from 1900 until 1919. Mail to this community was originally c/o the Beverly community near Fountain City, then later c/o the Fountain City post office.

BENNETT'S STATION. The name of an early pre-statehood settlement in Knox County. Location not determined.

BERMUDA. A community in West Knox County, approximately in the area where the Pellissippi Parkway and Lovell Road converge today, two miles southwest of Ball Camp. The Bermuda post office operated from 1889 to 1904. The first Postmaster was James M. Yarnell. Mail thereafter was c/o the Concord post office. The Chestnut Hill School was in the Bermuda area.

BERMUDA SCHOOL. Besides the Chestnut Hill School, another unnamed school is shown in the Bermuda community on the 1895 Knox County map.

BEVERLY. North Knox County. East of the Fountain City area, a post office operated at Beverly from 1886 to 1914. Mail to Beverly thereafter was c/o the Fountain City post office. The 1891 Tennessee State Gazetteer shows Beverly with a population of 400 persons. Oddly, three years later, the 1894 Knoxville Blue Book lists only fifty-four residents in the community, with the indication that two of the residences were "Summer homes". Beverly developed near the area where the line of the Knoxville, Cumberland and Louisville Railroad line was constructed. Beverly is still listed as a separate suburban community in Knoxville city directories in the 1940's, when the Oakland School for African American children, once called the Beverly School at that time in the community known as Oakland, is shown as being located in the Beverly community. The 1913 city directory shows a section along Tazewell Pike as being the Beverly community, with twenty-three families.

BEVERLY / BEVERLY HILLS SCHOOL. Located on Tazewell Pike, in the Beverly community, this Knox County school is listed in the 1939 Knoxville City Directory.

BEVERLY RACE TRACK A nineteenth century race track, east of the Fountain City area, centered around the intersection of Beverly Road and Greenway Drive, in the Beverly community. It seems all but impossible to find any printed information concerning the extent or duration of horse racing activities that took place at this track. The track is shown on the 1895 Knox County map by Vance, Coffee and Pill, being one of five horse racing tracks that were in existence in Knox County at that time.

BEVERLY SCHOOL. The later name of the Oakland School for black children, in the Oakland community. The 1904 city directory shows this as the Beverly School, located in the Beverly community, but by 1911, the directory shows this as the Oakland School, and lists the school as being located in the Oakland community.

BIDDLE HEIGHTS. A residential neighborhood, developed originally along Biddle Street.

BIG OAK. North Knox county. A camping area in the Crippen Gap section, north of Fountain City.

BIDDLE'S ROAD RACE. While this was an event rather than a site, it is included here as an example of early bicycle racing competition in Knoxville. This bicycle race was held over a twelve mile 'track', on the road between Knoxville and Fountain City (i.e., on the Tazewell Turnpike, now Broadway). What the Journal described as the "first bicycle road race run in this part of the country" took place On July 4^th, 1894. The race was from Knoxville to Fountain City and back, beginning on Gay Street. The race was won by Elmore Godfrey, who crossed the finish line of the twelve mile race in a reported time of forty minutes and twenty-one seconds.

BILFAY CLUB. A night club, located on Asheville Highway in 1941.

BIJOU HOTEL. The name of the hotel at the corner of Gay and Cumberland (Lamar House) was changed to the Bijou Hotel around 1924, and operated under that name until the name was changed to the Knox Hotel by 1926.

BIJOU THEATER. A theater located on Gay Street, at the southwest corner of Cumberland. Opened in as an addition to the Auditorium Hotel ( Lamar House location). The theater first appears in the city directory in 1908 as the Wells Bijou Theater, originally operated by theater entrepreneur Jack Wells. Beginning in 1913, it is shown simply as the Bijou, the name by which it was known thereafter. That year, color movies called "Kinemacolor" were being shown at the Bijou and also at the Gay Theater downtown. Originally a venue for live performances, movies were being shown by 1913, and by 1915 city directories list the Bijou both as a place of both live entertainment and silent movies. It long continued to be a place where a wide variety of live stage performances were given, but eventually it became primarily a movie house. The theater was not in operation for several years, from around 1927 until 1933. After reopening, reappearing in the 1933 directory, the Bijou thereafter is listed annually in city directories as a movie theater, although over the years live entertainment continued to be offered, often in conjunction with the regular movie fare. The Bijou has sometimes been referred to as the only white theater in Knoxville where black residents could attend, albeit tickets were purchased at a separate outside booth and African American patrons watched from the second balcony, reached via an outdoor stairway at the north side of the building. That generally accepted assumption is incorrect. When Staub's Opera House first opened in 1872, a separate section for black patrons was provided at that theater, and that practice continued. In later years, as the Lyric, shows featuring black performers were presented at that theater, at which times separate sections for white patrons were provided. Also, the balcony at the Sunset Theater, on Western avenue, was designated for black patrons. In 1971, the Bijou was given to the Church Street Methodist Church, a circumstance that likely presented something of a dilemma for that church, in view of the fact that at that time it had become a burlesque theater called the Bijou Art Theater, the fare including exotic dancers and seedy movies. In modern times the Bijou continued primarily as a place for occasional live performances. It closed in June, 2004. Today it has reopened, but like the Tennessee Theater it now is primarily a venue for live entertainment, and both theaters have been abandoned as movie houses. In a letter to a local newspaper in June, 2004, from a person who lost his job when the theater temporarily folded in 2004, bemoaned the closing of the "historic 200 year old theater". He obviously misstated the age of the theater, by more than a century, obviously referring instead to the original hotel site, not to the theater itself.

BIJOU THEATER. An earlier live entertainment theater also called the Bijou opened in 1888, at 255 Crozier Street. The theater was located at the northwest corner of Crozier (Central) and Vine. That same address was later the location of one of Cal Johnson's downtown saloons. This Bijou apparently closed within a year after it opened. The theater was still in operation in late 1888, when a small advertisement appeared in the Journal on October 6^th, 1888, promoting a 'Grand Matinee" that afternoon, for the admission price of ten cents.

BISHOPVILLE. North Knox County. The original name of the Bull Run community, later called Heiskell, and sometimes known as Wolf Valley.

BLACK OAK. North Knoxville. North of the Cedar Lane area and northeast of Central Avenue Pike -- the section around the railroad tracks at that place. The Black Oak station was the first stop between Knoxville and Powell's Station on the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia Railroad line. While I have been unable to confirm it, it seems probable that this was the same railroad stop known in earlier years as the Inskip Station. The Black Oak community is listed in the Rand McNally Railroad Guidebooks for 1923 and 1924, both editions indicating that mail to this place was c/o the Inskip post office.

BLACK OAK RIDGE. North Knoxville. Atop the hill north of Fountain City. A relatively small community of homes, known by this name at least as long ago as the late nineteenth century, when the 1894 Knoxville Blue Book lists seven residents living in Black Oak Ridge ... the Curtis family, at "Cedarcroft", and the Brown family. The Hugh L. McClung estate and home, "Belcaro", was built in this area in 1912. By 1939, the city directory lists sixteen families living in the Black Oak Ridge community.

BLACK OAK RIDGE. This is another area that was also known as Black Oak Ridge. It was a community in west Knox County, in the section where the Snyder School was located, in the Snyder Road - Snyder School road area.

BLACK'S STATION. A Knox County frontier station, or fort, in 1792, where the Ensign was Joel Wallace, and five men were on duty. Location not determined.

BLOOMING GROVE SCHOOL. North Knox County. Located about one and a quarter miles northeast of Halls Cross Roads on the 1895 Knox County map. The school apparently operated at various times in at least three separate buildings. It is listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report as the Blooming Hill School. It was one of four schools that closed in 1922, when students previously attending those schools were assigned to the newly constructed Halls High School.

BLOUNT COLLEGE. The original name of what is today the University of Tennessee. Established in 1794, it became East Tennessee College in 1807, then later East Tennessee University. The original location of Blount College was at what is now the Burwell Building site, at the southeast corner of Gay and Clinch.

WILLIAM BLOUNT HOME. Generally, historical homes have not been included in this book. However, I have included this house, called the Blount "Mansion", because it is one of the oldest remaining structures in Knoxville, the dwelling was saved from demolition in 1925 by the Bonny Kate chapter of the DAR,, and I thought it should be listed in this compilation. When an illustration of the building appeared in a local weekly Chamber of Commerce publication in the 1920's, This Week in Knoxville, the caption read "William Blount Home".

BLUE GRASS. A community in southwest Knox County. The Blue Grass post office operated from 1895 to 1904. The first Postmaster was Joseph Scates. After 1904, mail was c/o the Concord post office. Area schools in the nineteenth century were the Paulette Institute, the Hart School, two miles to the southwest, and the Fairview School, two miles to the east.

BLUE GRASS SCHOOL. A county school, on Blue Grass Pike, opened in 1923. The building later burned and was replaced with a new building in 1938.

BLUE GRASS SCHOOL. Another school, unnamed, is shown on the 1895 Knox County map, east of the nearest community shown on that map, Blue Grass.

BOILING SPRINGS. East Knox County. The section between Smith School Road and the county line.

BOND'S FERRY. A ferry on the bank of the Tennessee river, in the southwest section of the county, shown on the 1895 Knox County map.

JOSHUA BONER MUSICAL SCHOOL. A school of musical instruction on the piano forte for young ladies, advertised in the Knoxville Register on October 14, 1836.

BONITA THEATER. An early movie theater, at 515 South Gay Street. On the west side of Gay, in the middle of the block between Clinch and Union. Opened in 1910 and first listed in the city directory in 1911 (the first year moving picture theaters were listed in the Knoxville directory). Wallace Baumann, local theater historian, once suggested that after this theater closed in 1912 it possibly was renamed the Dreamland Theater. However, the theater actually reopened as the Cable Theater on January 4^th, 1913, as verified in an advertisement that appeared in the Journal on the following day. The Cable Theater was apparently short-lived, since it is not listed in the 1913 city directory, or in subsequent directories. I have found no additional newspaper advertisements for the Cable Theater, and although I find several later references to the one-time existence of a place called the Dreamland Theater, I have been unable to determine whether the Cable Theater was later named the Dreamland Theater, (nor, for that matter, where the Dreamland Theater was located). No movie theater is shown in city directories at 515 South Gay Street after 1912, although the Queen Theater did open at 511-513 South Gay, in 1914, and it is possible that the street number could have been slightly changed in the interim, and that the Queen Theater actually opened at the same site where the Cable Theater had been located in 1912. Certainly the proximity of the addresses makes it likely that the theaters may have actually been at the same location.

BONNY KATE SCHOOL. South Knoxville, in the Neubert Springs area. The school was originally established in 1832.

BOOKOUT. North Knox County. Nineteenth century maps locate Bookout northwest of Pedigo, south of Twinville, and northeast of Halls Cross Roads. A post office operated at Bookout from 1900 to 1902. The first postmaster was Jay H. Johnson. Mail after closure of that office was c/o the Powell Station post office. As late as 1919, the Rand McNally Railroad Guide continues to list the Bookout community.

BOOKWALTER. North Knoxville. In the Central Pike area, in the Inskip section, where the Bookwalter United Brethren (now United Methodist) Church is located. The community was in existence in the nineteenth century, and Knoxville city directories as late as the 1940's continued to list residents living in the suburban Bookwalter community, describing the community as including "Central Avenue Pike, Mill Street to Woodlawn Drive on the east, and Tillery Drive on the west."

BOOTH THEATER. A movie theater, in the UT area, located at 1834 West Cumberland Avenue. Opened in 1928. Besides movies, local amateur groups periodically gave live performances at the Booth.

BORIGHT ADDITION. A residential development of fifty eight pre-fabricated homes in the middle 1940's, located in the area east of Whittle Springs golf course. By the same developer, and around the same time, the Coker Hills subdivision was developed in the same general area.

BOTTOM / BOTTOMS. The middle twentieth century name of the primarily residential section east of Central, at the base of Reservoir Hill, south from Jackson to Willow. In older times, the Red Light District known as Friendly Town on Florida Street was in the area, and this was also the notorious neighborhood known as Cripple Creek (which see.)

THE BOWERY. The name by which the area along South Central was known, from around the Jackson Avenue intersection and several blocks to the south, including the section known in modern times as the "Old City". This area, including the section east from Central between Jackson and Willow known as Cripple Creek, had the worst reputation in the city, with all-night saloons, gambling, prostitution, and crimes being committed on a regular basis. A writer for the Journal and Tribune pretty well summed it up on July 8^th, 1900, as follows : " ... some have wandered through many of the streets (of the Bowery) by day, but comparatively few venture there at night ... in this district is congregated probably nine tenths of the criminal element of the city". As to merely imbibing, folks back then had many more choices besides down at the Bowery, since in downtown Knoxville in 1886 the city directory lists only three restaurants, but twenty-five saloons. While the section centered at Central and Jackson is today called the "Old City", for many years the area was not considered to be a part of downtown Knoxville, and Chamber of Commerce publications and maps often intentionally neither listed nor mentioned the section of the Bowery when promoting the downtown area.

BOWL LAND. Opened at 1819 West Cumberland in 1942 as Cumberland Bowl Land, the name changed to 'Bowl Land' in 1943. Continued in operation at least into the 1950's.

BOWLITORIUM. A bowling alley, opened around 1942, located at 411 Main Avenue, near the streetcar barn and across the street from the Court House.

BOWMAN'S FERRY / BOWMAN'S MILL. East Knox County. Bowman's Ferry was near the Riverdale Mill, built around 1850. Listed in the 1893 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, with mail directed to the Thorngrove post office. The compilers of that publication in 1893 referred to this area as Bowman's Mill. The names are historically intertwined -- Bowman's Ferry was later called the Riverdale Ferry, and some references indicate it was also sometimes called Hodges Ferry. The 1895 Knox County map shows it as Bowman's Ferry, located at Riverdale.

BOWMAN'S SCHOOL. East Knox County. A school in the Progressive community, shown on the 1895 Knox County map.

BOYD SCHOOL / BOYD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL. A city school, originally operated in the building of the Girl's High School, located at the corner of Union and Walnut. The name of was changed to Boyd Junior High School in 1924 and the school was moved to a location behind the City Hall building, at the original Deaf and Dumb School (TSD) site. After the school closed, the Stair Technical High School, originally called the Opportunity School, outgrew the Hampden Sydney school building, and moved to the City Hall site, also using some of the rooms in the City Hall building as classrooms.

BOYD'S / BOYD'S SWITCH. Southwest Knox County. Southwest of Virtue Road, between Evans Drive and Boyd's Station Road. The 1893 Rand McNally Railroad Guide lists Boyd's, with mail c/o the Virtue post office. The 1895 Knox County map shows Boyd's School and Boyd's Church in the area, but does not show this as Boyd's community, instead showing the name as Boyd's Switch, on the Southern Railway line. I have not determined how or where the community got its name. However, it's probably doubtful that it was named for the famous female Civil War spy, Belle Boyd, who is said to have been born at Campbell's Station.

BOYD'S SCHOOL. A school in the above community, shown on the 1895 Knox County map issued by Vance, Coffee and Pill Company. This school was combined with the Chota School in 1931.

J. BOYD'S TAVERN A downtown tavern, located on Cumberland Street, known to have been in existence at least from 1823 to 1827.

BOY'S CLUB. On the south side of Vine Avenue, the first block west of Gay Street. Opened in the 1940's. A place for entertainment and recreation for boys (basketball, ping pong, etc.) A small building, where the gymnasium was smaller than the one at the YMCA, with a much lower ceiling, and the Boy's Club did not have a swimming pool as was available at the YMCA. The facilities and size made the Boy's Club something of a poor boy's substitute for the YMCA, which was located just a few blocks to the southwest. When the downtown facility was closed in the early 1950's, it initially moved into the Jessamine Street Center, on Jessamine Street, just south of Caswell Park's Smithson Stadium. It then relocated in what had previously been a private dwelling, on Baxter Avenue, near Cornelia. The adjoining property to that site was originally slated to become a new playground for the nearby Mynders Grammar School. Instead, the school closed and that site became the location of the newly constructed Boy's Club, now known as the Boy's and Girl's Club.

BOYS HIGH AND INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL. Another name by which the Hampden-Sydney Academy was known (which see).

BRABSON'S FERRY. A ferry at the junction of the French Broad and Holston rivers, shown on the 1895 Knox County map.

BRANDAU HILL. Once the name of the hill that runs north from University avenue, west of University. When Spanish American military camps were located in Knoxville, the Camp Poland headquarters were located on Brandau Hill. Later, in 1893, a newspaper advertisement promoted an auction of lots for sale in a new addition, near Knoxville College, "on the slope of Brandau Hill." People living in the Beaumont and McAnally Flats sections still referred to the site as Brandau Hill in the 1940's.

BRANNER BUILDING. Built in 1889 at the corner of Vine and Gay, this was sometimes a place of public meetings. The Pickwick Club held its first annual reception at the building in January, 1890. In 1896, The Travelers Protective Association moved its headquarters into the building.

BREWER'S PARK. Among the fields where eight baseball teams played in the Knoxville City Baseball League in the early twentieth century were Chilhowee Park and this place, called Brewer's Park. Local newspapers reported a double-header that was played at Brewer's Park on July 11^th, 1908. One of those articles indicates that the park could be reached " by taking the Jackson Avenue car line". The teams that played in that league were white congregations, although it may have been that African American baseball teams also used this facility at that time. A three day fair for African Americans, under the auspices of the East Tennessee Negro Fair Association, was held at Brewer's Park on September 20 - 22, 1909, the three day event drawing two thousand. Booker T. Washington was scheduled to speak at the fair, but failed to show up. By then, Brewer's Park had become primarily a place of African American activities. On April 9^th, 1913, a celebration of the Semi-Centennial of Emancipation by the African Americans citizens of Knoxville, including a baseball game between two black teams, was held at the park. In 1914, the city directory shows that the Jackson Avenue line still made a stop at Brewer's Park (then along Bell avenue) as does the 1915 city directory, when Brewer's Park is identified as a playing field for African Americans. The park was located on the north side of Chestnut street, in what originally was the Old Fair Grounds section of East Knoxville, east of Five Points, where Knoxville's early fairs were held, beginning in 1854. By the middle 1920's the site (or at least a portion of the original baseball park) was known as the Union Square playground.

BRICKYARD. West Knoxville. This was the name of a community of black residents, in existence from the early twentieth century until the 1930's, possibly somewhat later. Located in the Homberg Drive section, south of Kingston Pike, including Morgan Street, Whittaker Street, and the section near the railroad tracks, to Mohican Street. The community name was derived from an old brickyards located near the tracks, where several of the community's residents were employed.

BRIGHT HOPE SCHOOL. North Knox County. North of Fountain City, on the east side of Jacksboro Pike and north of Beverly, as shown on the 1895 Knox County map. This was one of four schools that closed when the new Halls High School was built.

BRIGHT'S CHURCH SCHOOL. North Knox County. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, about equal distance between the communities of Mynatt and Church Grove. Probably the same school that is listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report, shown then as Bright's School.

BROAD STREET SCHOOL. A school in the city of North Knoxville, on Broadway. Listed in the 1885 city directory, when North Knoxville was a separate city.

BROAD STREET SHOW GROUNDS. The Journal reported that when the Cooper circus performance concluded at the Gay Street Show Grounds on August 26, 1899, the side shows and exhibitions had been set up for the public at the Broad Street Show Grounds. The newspaper article does not identify the specific location, but it likely can be safely assumed that it was not far from the corner of Gay and Park (Magnolia) where the circus itself performed. Earlier, in April, 1895, McNabb and Brown's vaudeville circus was in Knoxville, and the tents for that circus were set up at a lot "north of Park (Magnolia), between Gay and Broadway," obviously in the same general area where the Cooper circus side show attractions were held four years later.

BROADVIEW HEIGHTS. East Knoxville. A residential addition, on the south side of Brooks Road, to Crest Road, from Biddle eastward to beyond Garden.

BROADWAY. North Knoxville. A community along both sides of the street of the same name, originally in the section from around Walker Boulevard to Mineral Springs Road. The first Postmaster was George W. Tindell. The Broadway post office operated from 1891 to 1901, when the name of the post office was changed to Whittle Springs.

BROADWAY HOTEL. A hotel listed in the 1944 city directory, located at 903 North Broadway.

BROADWAY SPEEDWAY. An automobile race track, located north of Fountain City, in what was once known as the Crippen Gap area.

BROADWAY THEATER. A movie theater, in the Arlington section, at 2411 Broadway. Opened in 1939 and closed in 1957. This was the nearest movie theater in those times to residents living in communities including Arlington, Fairmont, and Lincoln Park.

BROOKSIDE. North Knoxville. Brookside is listed as a suburban community in early twentieth century city directories. The 1904 directory shows a population of twenty-three persons. The section was located along Baxter Avenue, between Wray Street and west to beyond the railroad tracks. The 1917 Sandborn map of Knoxville shows two rows of small dwellings, west of the main building at Brookside Mills, between Van Street and Marion Street. That section of houses, all identical in size, is identified as "Brookside Village", and were homes for some of the employees of the mill. Van Street now terminates at the south side of Brookside Avenue, and Marion Street no longer exists, demolished when the original Interstate 75 was constructed, not far from Brookside, where the area a bit to the south of that section for several years afterwards was known as Knoxville's infamous "Malfunction Junction".

BROOKSIDE FIELD. Located in North Knoxville, in the area that was once called the Brookside community, east of the tracks on the north side of Baxter, at the base of the hill below Wray Street. Baseball games were played by organized teams at the Brookside Field, and neighborhood teams of area youngsters also played sandlot baseball and football games at the field. The field is gone today, the property now being the site of garages for Knox County Schools Maintenance.

BROOKSIDE SCHOOL. A kindergarten school, listed in the 1912 city directory at 502 West Baxter Avenue. Near the Brookside community. An illustration of the building appeared in The Lookout, published in Chattanooga on May 30^th, 1914, and the accompanying article in that magazine described the school as having an enrollment of one hundred and seventeen students.

BROOKSIDE SCHOOL. Another school was called the Brookside School, but was located in a different section of town. This was a school for black children in the East Knoxville area, at 219 Bell Street. The school is first listed in the city directory in 1897, although it was in operation earlier, mentioned in the Knoxville Journal in 1893.

BROWN DERBY. A Night club, for dining and dancing. Located on Kingston Pike, listed in city directories in the 1930's,"four miles from the city limits".

HARRIETT BROWN SCHOOL. A private school, at 1605 Dandridge Avenue. Listed in the 1919 city directory.

TOM BROWN. The Tom Brown post office existed only from December, 1880 to December, 1881. The Postmaster was James W. Harvey. Location not known, and somewhat reluctantly listed here, as this may be another example of a name that was never actually a Knox County community but simply a short-lived post office.

BROWN'S ADDITION. North Knoxville. Listed as a suburban community in the 1910 Knoxville city directory, which indicates "take the Fountain City electric railway"

BROWN'S HOTEL. A hotel located at 182 State Street, only listed in the city directory for the year 1887.

BROWN'S SCHOOL. The first school in the Powell Station area, built in the 1820's on land owned by Hardie Brown, about a half mile from the center of what later became Powell's Station.

BROWN'S STATION. Southwest Knox County. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, southeast of Concord.

BROWNLOW HOTEL. A hotel for black patrons, located at 219-221 East Vine in the 1930's. Later renamed the Hartford Hotel.

BROWNLOW SCHOOL. A city grammar school. Constructed in 1927. On East Glenwood Avenue, at the corner of Luttrell. Originally it was to be called the Glenwood School, but when the school opened it was named the John Bell Brownlow School (although as with most such local schools, within a short period of time nobody recognized the first part of the name, in this case "John Bell.")

BRUCE'S. A South Knox County community. The 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer lists Bruce's as "a small station without a post office, five miles from Knoxville". Described in the 1884 Rand McNally Railroad Guide as being "5 ½ miles from Knoxville, on the Knoxville and Augusta Railroad". Bruce's was the first station on the line from Knoxville to Maryville, other stations on that line being Tipton's, Little River, and Rockford.

BRUSHY VALLEY. North Knox County. The area around Brushy Valley Road.

BUFFAT MILL. Northeast Knoxville. The name of the grist mill owned by the family of Alfred Buffat, in the Spring Hill section of the Loves Creek area. The area around the mill was also known as Buffat Mill.

BULL RUN. North Knox County. In the same general area as the Heiskell community (earlier known as Bishopville). The Bull Run post office opened in 1860. Bull Run is listed in the 1876-1877 Tennessee State Gazetteer, with a population of one hundred and fifty persons. It is listed as Heiskell's Station in the 1881 edition of that reference, although the name of the post office was not changed from Bull Run to Heiskell until 1898. That Gazetteer mentions that earlier the area was also known as Wolf Valley. Maps of the later nineteenth century show that a school was located in Bull Run, in the building where the area church still retained the name of the original community, the Bishopville Church. The Conner's School was two miles southeast of Bull Run, and another school was two miles to the south (unnamed on the 1895 Knox County map.)

Also shown on that map, approximately three miles southeast of Bull Run, was a school called the "Music School"..

BURLINGTON. East Knoxville. In the eastern section of McCalla Avenue, and the surrounding area, east of Chilhowee Park. For a number of years I thought the name had been established sometime in 1913. That year, numerous suburban neighborhoods are mentioned in Knoxville in various newspaper articles during the first six months, including community news, fraternal groups, social activities, and similar reports. However, the Burlington community is not mentioned in any of those reports, nor has any record been located indicating that any home then being offered for sale in local newspaper classified ads was located in the Burlington community. Among the many local community baseball teams that were in existence at that time in the city and the suburbs, none is identified as being a Burlington team. In addition, on July 6, 1913, in its "Park City Notes" the Journal and Tribune mentions that the name of the streetcar line in the area had been changed from "Race Track" to "Burlington", for the cars going beyond Chilhowee Park. The newspaper article adds "it is very confusing for some people, not knowing where Burlington is, but they will soon get accustomed to the name". While those circumstances seemed to be evidence that the community name of Burlington was a recent name in 1913, I have now discovered that the name was being used earlier, when I uncovered a statement in the Knoxville Sentinel on November 27, 1909, as follows : ... "The Sunnyside Missionary Society of Burlington entertained Friday night, November 26, with an entertainment and social." The statement appears in the newspaper's community news, under the Park City section, and no other information is provided in that article. However, the statement provides obvious evidence that the community name of Burlington was being used some years before I had previously thought, and does verify that Sunny Side community (which see) was in the Burlington community. Why the name of Burlington was chosen for the area is still unknown, but among the possibilities are that it was the name of an official of the electric company, or perhaps someone either with that company or who lived in the community, who had earlier lived in either Burlington, North Carolina or Vermont. (Either possibility is feasible, since other Knoxville communities were named for places in other states, an example being the Norwood community in Knox County, named by a resident of that area who earlier had lived in a suburban community of that name located outside Cincinnati.) Burlington is listed for the first time as a suburban community in the 1913 directory, where the boundaries are shown as "North side railway, south and east to Rutledge Pike intersection with Lakeside Avenue, including New South, Penn, Prosser Avenue, Prosser Road, Rose Hill and Rutledge Pike'. By the 1940's, city directories describe Burlington as the suburban area east of Chilhowee Park. That year, a number of businesses lined McCalla Avenue. On the north side of McCalla in the Burlington area were Greenlee Drug Store, the Gay Theater, a post office, and Weaver's Cafeteria. On the south side were the Burlington Barber Shop, Mrs. Burnette's Kitchen, Perfection Laundry, Easy Way Five and Dime, and the White Stores grocery,

BURLINGTON THEATER. A movie theater, in the Burlington community, located at 3811 McCalla Avenue. The Burlington opened in 1929 at the site of what had previously been the Rivoli Theater. The Burlington closed in 1930 and reopened as the Gay Theater in 1931.

BURNSIDE SCHOOL. A school for black children, at 1502 Detroit Avenue, in the city of West Knoxville. When West Knoxville became a part of the city, students from this school were assigned to city schools. As was the case of African American students who had attended the Riverside School, some Burnside School students were also transferred to Knoxville College, when many of the students at that time at the "college" were actually young children.

BUZZARD ROOST. North Knoxville. West of Lincoln Park, along the western end of Chickamauga Avenue, generally on the northern side of that street. In earlier years, this section, particularly the area south of Chickamauga, was known as Roseberry City. A local newspaper columnist years ago wrote an article about the area, including an illustration from an old photograph of a sign erected in Buzzard Roost by a group of young boys living in the area. who cleared an section of ground at Central Pike and Ferguson for a playing field. While it was a crude and home-made sign, it is the only old visual evidence I've ever seen showing the name of Buzzard Roost.

BYINGTON. West Knox County. Southwest of Beaver Ridge (Karns) and south of Gray-Hendrix Road (Byington Road). The general area was originally settled in the late eighteenth century and was probably originally considered to be a part of the Beaver Ridge community. It was not known as Byington until the early twentieth century. A post office existed in Byington from 1904 to 1952. The community was named for Moses B. Byington, the first Postmaster, who owned a general store in the area where the local railroad station was located. In 1914, the Byington population was fifty persons, according to the Rand McNally Railroad Guide, which was only about half the size of what the population of the Beaver Ridge community had been a quarter century earlier.

BYRD CHAPEL West Knox County. A community located in the section southwest of Pellissippi Parkway, west of today's intersection of Bob Gray Rd and Lovell Rd.

BYRD'S STATION. An early settlement (1780's) in Knox County (per Goodspeed's History of Tennessee). That reference makes no mention of the location. Whether this was the same place as Byrd Chapel (above, shown on later maps) I have not determined.

CABLE MUSIC HALL. The Cable Music Hall, in the Cable Piano Company building, was located at 422 South Gay Street in the late nineteenth century. (East side of Gay, between Wall and Union.) Concerts and musical performances were presented in the Cable Music Hall, which was located on the second floor. For example, the Journal and Tribune reported that a minstrel show was performed here on February 5^th, 1906. By 1912, the company had moved into a new building on Crozier Street (now Central). At the new location, concerts and musical entertainment continued to be held, also on the second floor, where the hall was then known as the New Cable Music Hall.

CABLE THEATER. 515 South Gay Street, on the west side of Gay, in the middle of the block, between Clinch and Union. Previously the Bonita Theater, the name of the theater was changed to the Cable Theater, opening under that name on January 4^th, 1913. The new name of the theater obviously was taken from the new manager's name, R. B. Cable. I have not determined how long the Cable Theater was in operation, but apparently it was a year or less.

CALDWELL SCHOOL HOUSE. A school in Mechanicsville. The Press and Herald mentions on January 25^th, 1874, that citizens of Mechanicsville met to discuss the continuation of the free Mechanicsville school. The meeting was held at the Caldwell School House.

CALDWELL'S ADDITION. North Knoxville. An early addition to the city. The area west of the railroad tracks, west of Jacksboro Road (Cooper Street), to Arthur Street, between Fifth Avenue and a block to the north.

CALLOWAY PARK. Listed as a "small triangular park", owned by the city, in the Comprehensive City Plan issued by the Bartholomew Company (Page 131.)

CAMBRIDGE HOTEL. A hotel located at 55 Union Avenue in 1888. Originally called the Temperance Hotel.

CAMEO THEATER. Located at 1205 North Central, in Happy Holler. Opened in 1931 at the previous location of the Central Theater. Renamed the Joy Theater in 1935. Originally opened as the Picto Theater (which see).

CAMP BOB TAYLOR. A camp for American soldiers, established during the Spanish American War, located at Lake Ottosee (now Chilhowee Park.)

CAMP GROUND HOTEL. In the Inskip community. Outings and social gatherings in the nineteenth century, held at Inskip, often included lodging at the Camp Ground Hotel. The hotel was located near the Inskip Station railroad depot.

CAMP GROVE. North Knoxville. Listed as a suburban community of Knoxville in the 1913 city directory, with the notation "R.F.D. 5, Northern Suburb, take the Southern Railway" (and) "take Fountain City car". Probably in the area where the school of the same name was located (see below).

CAMP GROVE SCHOOL. North Knoxville. The original school in the Whittle Springs Road - Washington Pike section. Built around 1906. Shown in the 1912 city directory, on Washington Pike. The school closed and was replaced in the area by the new Belle Morris School.

CAMP BOB TAYLOR. A Spanish American War military camp established in Knoxville on June 18, 1898. The camp was broken up when Camp Poland was established August 22, 1898.

CAMP POLAND. North Knoxville. A Spanish American war military camp established August 22, 1898. It was located in the Lonsdale area, near the Coster Shops, or Southern Shops, of the Southern Railway. The Journal reported in December, 1898, that the only way to reach Camp Poland (other than walking) was via the Knoxville Traction Company electric line, to Broadway and Holston, then taking the Fountain City dummy line to the Anderson Station. The final military unit, the 31st Michigan Infantry, vacated Camp Poland on December 27^th, 1898, leaving the camp abandoned.

CAMP WILDER. A Spanish American War military camp established in Knoxville on June 18, 1898, located on the eastern slope of a ridge behind Knoxville College, a quarter mile south of Brookside Cotton Mills The camp was broken up when Camp Poland was established August 22, 1898.

CAMPBELL'S CAVE SCHOOL. North Knoxville. A school in the Tazewell Pike area. The name of the school was originally the Rodgers School. The name was changed to Campbell's Cave School in the early twentieth century.

CAMPBELL / CAMPBELL'S STATION. West Knox County. Now a part of the Farragut community. Originally a frontier fort in Knox County, established by David Campbell in the early 1790's. In 1834, Eastin Morris' Tennessee Gazetteer lists the community of Campbell's Station with "a store, two taverns, and a stage office." The Campbell's Station post office was in operation until 1846, other than a brief period when the name was changed to Soverville. The Campbell's Station post office was re-established in 1860, where it continued until 1882, when the name was changed to Campbell. That office continued in operation until 1901, when it was discontinued, with mail thereafter c/o the Lovell post office. In 1881 the Tennessee State Gazetteer lists Campbell's Station with a population of seventy persons. The nearest school shown on late nineteenth century maps was the Rocky Point School, a mile to the northwest. The modern name of the community is Farragut, named for Admiral David Farragut -- although he was actually born at Lowe's Ferry and not at Campbell's Station.

CAMPBELL'S STATION RACE TRACK. Horse racing contests were held here at least as early as the 1830's, when the Knoxville Register reported on July 25^th, 1835 that a Sweep Stakes race would be held at the Campbell's Station Race Track. The proprietor of the track was Samuel Martin, and that advertisement stated "the track is laid off in that large and beautiful field at the station" The track still was in existence in the 1890's and later it is shown on the 1895 Knox County map, approximately an equal distance between Campbell and Concord, but by then it had assumed the name of the nearby community and was known as the Concord Race Track.

CANSLER SCHOOL. A school for African American children during the Civil War, circa 1863 - 1864, operated by Mrs. Laura A. Cansler. Referred to in Charles W Cansler's "Three Generations" (Knoxville 1939) as being Knoxville's first school for black children, However, at least one earlier school for colored children was in existence in the city, before the Civil War, operated by Thomas Humes at St. John's Church.

CANTONMENT SPRINGS. East Knox County. Ten miles east of Knoxville, where in the early years a cavalry company established by General Knox was encamped. In the same vicinity where later the community known as Academia, also called "Ten Mile Point", was located.

CAPITOL THEATER. A movie theater, at 810 North Central, near the intersection of Central and Broadway, on the east side of Central. The theater offered Bingo one night a week, when customer contests, free dishes, and similar promotions were common among neighborhood theaters in Knoxville, to attract customers. The Capitol opened in 1946 and closed in 1950.

CARMICHAEL'S TAVERN. An early Knoxville tavern. Mentioned in the Knoxville Gazette in 1797, where an advertisement by tailor John Anthony, describes his business as being "In the house of Colonel M'Clellan, opposite Carmichael's Tavern". The tavern apparently was located at the southwest corner of State and Cumberland.

CARPENTER SCHOOL. A county school shown in the Treeville community on the 1895 Knox County map. The school was still in existence as late as 1913, probably later.

CARRICK'S FORD. J. G. M. Ramsey records this place in his History of Lebanon Church, mentioning that this had been the location of Samuel Carrick's settlement, describing it as "a plantation near what is still known (i.e., in 1875) as Carrick's Ford, across the Holston, now the property of James Boyd."

CARTER. East Knox County. In the Carter Road / Carter School Road area. The Carter's Mill operated for many years in this section. The Rand McNally Railroad Guide for 1893 lists the Carter community, with mail c/o the Thorn Grove post office, although the 1895 Knox County map does not show the Carter community.

CARTER HIGH SCHOOL. In the Carter community. The new school building was dedicated on September 1^st, 1915. Students who previously attended the Lyonton School thereafter attended Carter High School.

CARTER'S SCHOOL. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, about a mile north of Lyonton, near the Carter community. Listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

CASH. A community in northeast Knox County. A post office existed at Cash from 1897 to 1900. The first Postmaster was John L. French. The Cash community is still listed in the 1919 Rand McNally Railroad Guide. Today, Cash Road runs from Ruggles Ferry Road to John Sevier Highway.

CASTLE HALL. A downtown meeting hall, where lodges of the Knights of Pythias and several secret societies held weekly meetings in 1876, located on the third floor of the building located at 108 Gay Street.

CASTLE HEIGHTS. A residential development in the middle 1940's, in the Sutherland Avenue section, east of what had once been Knoxville's McGhee Tyson airport and Bearden Field, (now the location of West High School). The Castle Heights subdivision consisted of one hundred and thirty-eight homes, all being pre-fabricated dwellings and sold with FHA financing.

CASWELL PARK. East Knoxville, in the Park City area, east of Sixth Avenue, and north of Fifth Avenue. The land for the park was donated to the city in 1913 by Colonel William Caswell, when the city agreed to donate a similar sized adjoining property for the establishment of the park. It became the largest city-owned recreational park, covering twenty acres. A baseball stadium was built at Caswell Park in 1921, where the Knoxville Pioneers baseball team played from 1921 through 1924 in the Appalachian League, then as the Knoxville Smokies in the South Atlantic League through 1929. Football games were played at the Caswell Park stadium in the 1920's by Knoxville High School and other local teams. Reports of those football games are found in Knoxville High School's newspaper, the Blue and White, an example being the account of their game with Castle Heights, played at Caswell Park on October 12^th, 1923. When the Bartholomew Company issued its Comprehensive City Plan in 1930, the portion of the park that adjoined the baseball stadium was obviously considered large enough for continued use as a neighborhood recreational park. However, several circumstances, including the nearby commercial activities, and the fact that First Creek, which bisected the park, overflowed during heavy rains, rendered the site not to be an advantageous location for continued use as a public park. On May 2^nd , 1930, a May Day pageant was held at the Caswell Park stadium, when 3,200 city school students participated in those activities at the stadium. An industrial baseball league was formed by recreation bureau that same year, consisting of teams from local mills, and those games were played at Caswell Park. The new Smithson Stadium was built at the site in 1931 and the Smokies continued to play at the stadium. In the 1940's, youngsters would attend Smokies' games for a small admission fee as members of the "Knot Hole Gang", a promotion of the management to allow kids to see those games at a minimum cost. The Smithson Stadium was demolished and rebuilt at the same site in 1953, initially called the Municipal Stadium, then later renamed Billy Meyer Stadium.

CASWELL'S ADDITION. A residential addition, in North Knoxville. From southwest of Gill Street to beyond Caswell, between Third Avenue and east to the railroad tracks.

CASWELL / CASWELL'S STATION. East Knox County. Between Rutledge Pike and the Holston River. The section later known as John Sevier. The nearest school in the 1890's was the Miller's School, a mile to the north. The population of Caswell in 1891 was 150 persons. The Caswell post office operated from 1890 to 1913. The first Postmaster was William H. Faulkner. Some references indicate that the community name changed to John Sevier when the post office closed in 1913, but the Rand McNally Railroad Guide continues to list the Caswell community in 1923, noting that the area had been previously called Caswell's Station.

CATHOLIC HIGH SCHOOL. A private parochial school, located on Magnolia Avenue. Originally established in 1921, when the school operated what had been the Gregory Ashe home. A proposal for a new school building was afoot as early as 1939. While a gymnasium was constructed, a new school building at the same site on Magnolia was not opened until the early 1950's.

CATHOLIC PAROCHIAL SCHOOL. Listed as a school in Knoxville in the Chamber of Commerce publication, "Knoxville, Tennessee ... 1896/7 .."

CAVETT'S / CAVITT'S / CAVET'S STATION. West Knox County. Southeast of Middlebrook Pike. A fort built by Alexander Cavet, where an Indian massacre took place in 1793. A historical marker locates this "at U.S. Highway 11/70, near Gallaher's View". Goodspeed's History of Tennessee spells this "Cavett", but in some references it is spelled "Cavitt". The Sketch of Knoxville in the 1869 Knoxville city directory shows the name as "Cavet", where the location at that time was indicated as being "near the present residence of Joseph Lonas".

CEDAR BLUFF. West Knox County. Obviously in the area of Cedar Bluff Road, where the section was long known as Cedar Bluff, in the nineteenth century, long before the existence of the residential sub-division of the same name.

CEDAR BLUFF SCHOOL. Originally a one room schoolhouse in the Cedar Bluff community, dating from the nineteenth century. The school was in operation in 1871, when a report in the Journal on September 14^th of that year mentions the school. The school is not shown on the 1895 Knox County map (unless it then had a different name).

CEDAR GROVE. North Knox County. One of two communities with this name. In the Norris Freeway area, between Pedigo Road and Racoon Valley Road. I find references to this community from the period of the 1930's and 1940's, but the community name probably pre-dates that time.

CEDAR GROVE. West Knox County. A community existing earlier than the above listed area with the same name. This Cedar Grove community is shown on the 1895 Knox County map, in what is now the Middlebrook Pike area, southeast of its intersection at Weisgarber Road, and north of Amherst.

CEDAR GROVE SCHOOL. This school was opened in August, 1876. It was built on land donated to the community by Charles Lonas. The school was operated by Charles Lonas, Jr., and was described in a local newspaper as "a handsome frame building, 42 x 24". The school is shown on the 1895 Knox County map, where it is actually not shown in the Cedar Grove community, but instead in the York community. The school is still listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

CEDAR HILL. East Knox County. Once the name of one of the communities of company-owned houses in the Mascot community.

CEDAR RIDGE SCHOOL. East Knox County. A school shown on the 1895 Knox County map, near the county line, about a mile northeast of Lyonton. The school was still in existence when the County Superintendent's 1912-1913 school report was issued.

CEDAR SPRINGS. West Knox County. The name of a community where a church combining two church congregations was established following the Civil War, -- the churches at Cedar Bluff and Ebenezer.

CEDAR SPRINGS SCHOOL. In the Cedar Springs section, shown on the 1895 Knox County map, north of Kingston Pike, about two and a half miles northeast of Richland and two miles northwest of Ebenezer. The Cedar Springs School is listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

CENTER THEATER. A movie theater, on Central Avenue in Happy Holler. The Joy Theater was renamed the Center Theater in 1948. Originally the Picto Theater (which see) This movie theater closed in 1955, as had most of the neighborhood theaters in Knoxville by then.

CENTRAL AVENUE CIRCUS GROUNDS. (See North Central Avenue circus grounds.)

CENTRAL BILLIARDS PARLOR. Located at 719 North Central in 1928. Because of the multitude of the pool halls and billiard parlors that have been in Knoxville over the years, I have not made an attempt to identify the many such places that have been in existence during the years included in this compilation. However, their existence is hardly a modern phenomena, have been around for many years, and should at least be mentioned in this book. An early example was J. L. Cooper's Star Billiards Saloon, located in the Press and Herald block of Gay Street (east side of Gay, between Cumberland and Church), and another was Star Billiards parlor, where a billiards tournament took place on February 10^th, 1869. As examples of billiard parlors and pool halls that were in Knoxville during a single year, I have randomly selected for inclusion here the year 1928. Aside from the Central Billiards Parlor listed above, the following billiards parlors and pool halls were in Knoxville that year : J. R. Cook (colored) 100 ½ Vine ; H. C. Farley 310 West Clinch ; Farragut Billiards Parlor, (basement, Farragut Hotel) ; The Gem, 204 ½ South Central ; The Ground, 103 South Central ; Empire Hotel parlor, 319 West Depot ; Hugh Hudson, (colored) 202 North University ; McCloud's, 611 South Gay Street ; New Palace 511 ½ South Gay Street ; North Gay, 305 North Gay ; North Knoxville, 1123 North Central ; Recreation Billiards, 312 North Gay ; The Royal, (colored) 105 West Vine ; Sequoyah, 521 Market (basement) ; Smoky Mountain, 419 Walnut ; Maynard Stevens, (colored) 321 West Texas ; and Union Billiards Hall, 416 Union (basement)

CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL. North Knox County. Central High School opened in 1906 in the building previously occupied by the Holbrook Normal College. A new building was later constructed at the same site. Central was Knox County's first high school. Institutions known as "High schools" had existed previously in the county, examples being Farragut, two years earlier, and earlier still at such places as Powell's Station and Heiskell. Those schools were community schools, usually teaching all grades, from One through Nine (or sometimes Ten). In the case of Farragut, in its initial years students were taught basic skills and such things as farming practices. Central High School was established by a vote of the County Court, and it was the first public county high school designed to provide a well rounded education and prepare students for advanced college level education.

CENTRAL HOTEL. A hotel at 405-407 West Depot Street, at the northwest corner of Gay and Depot, across the street from the Atkin hotel. The address of the hotel is later shown in city directories at number 303 North Gay street. The conflicting addresses apparently was because of the different entrances, as the hotel was located at the northwest corner of Gay and Depot. By the late 1940's, this was called the Fairway Hotel.

CENTRAL HOTEL. A earlier hotel called the Central Hotel is listed in the 1892 and 1901 city directories, in the same general area, but at a different address, at 317 West Depot Street. Later, this hotel was called the Southern Hotel, then later still by other names. West Depot street was west of Central, which then was the dividing point between street designated east and west, and this hotel was located on the north side of Depot, across the street from where the new Southern Railway passenger station was built in the early twentieth century.

CENTRAL HOUSE. This was the name of the hotel just north of the northeast corner of Gay and Clinch. The hotel opened in 1876. The hotel was operated by John C. Flanders, who later operated the adjoining and larger Hattie House hotel, at the northeast corner of Gay and Clinch, when it was completed in 1880. Some sources suggest that when the Hattie House was built it replaced the Central House. However, while at least one early newspaper account places the site of the Central House at the northeast corner of Gay and Clinch, the Central House was still in existence in 1882, two years after the Hattie House was completed, still being listed in the city directory, just north of the Hattie House. It has not been determined what was located at the site became between 1882 and 1898, but the Arcade Hotel was in business at this address in 1898.

CENTRAL MARKET / CITY MARKET. In the section later known as Emory Park, at the north end of North Gay Street, between Broadway and Central. There was a post office here, and Fire Engine Station Number One Station was at the eastern end, just off Central (then Crozier Street). At the opposite or western end, at Broad (now Broadway), was the Central Market, referred to in some early accounts as the city's first farmer's market. North Knoxville residents had been anxious to have a conveniently located farmers market, and the Central Market was established. By 1892, there were seventeen stalls at the Central Market House, including a meat market and several "Hucksters". Across the street from the Central Market, on the northwest corner of Holston (now Tyson) Street and Broadway, was the depot and waiting room for the Fountain Head Railway. The city purchased the City Market in 1894, but the area continued to be called the Central Market until after the turn of the twentieth century. In 1895 there was a bakery and two grocers at the Central Market House, but four of the stalls were vacant. That same year, the directory lists the location of the Central Market House as being between Number 19 and Number 22, near the western end, and other businesses then operating along the street at the Central Market were Company C Armory, S. J. Lyon grocer, T. W. Burke meat market, E. D. Kelly grocer, S. H. Hill shoemaker, and W. H. Whittle produce. The "Company C" armory was also then located at number 6 Central Market. City directories in the later 1890's continue to list farmers and businesses operating at the Central Market, selling produce, meats, fish, fruits and vegetables. The late nineteenth century Sandborn map volume shows the Central Market house building. On May 13^th, 1906, a weekly feature in the Journal and Tribune, called "The City Beautiful", reported " ... the City Market plot is now named Emory Place", and the Central Market went out of existence.

CENTRAL MILLS. Another name by which the grist mill at Spring Place, operated by the Buffat family, was known. As a youngster in the 1860's, Alfred Buffat drew a picture of "Central Mills, Knox County, Tenn." on the flyleaf of one of his school books.

CENTRAL PARK. Another name for the second of the baseball parks originally known as the Asylum Street Grounds. However, although an 1895 Knoxville map shows the name as "Central Park", no contemporary newspaper articles have been found that refer to the park by that name. See Asylum Street Grounds (2), Baldwin Park, and Baker Himel field.

CENTRAL PARK. Also the name by which the North Central Park was sometimes known.

CENTRAL STREET DANCE HALL. (See Century Hall)

CENTRAL THEATER. The name of the movie theater in Happy Holler, on Central Avenue, from 1925 to 1931. It was renamed the Cameo Theater in 1931. Previously, this had been the Picto Theater.

CENTURY ADDITION. A residential addition listed in city directories in the 1940's, shown in the area from Sterchi Avenue southeast to Sevier, then south to Orange Avenue.

CENTURY HALL / CENTRAL STREET DANCE HALL. A dance hall for African Americans in the early twentieth century, located at the corner of Central and Commerce. Located in the Bowery section, the facility was apparently rather short lived. On January 11^th, 1906, it was closed by city authorities, when a member of the congregation at the Logan Temple A. M. E. Church, W.A. Mathis, was wounded from a gunshot that reportedly came from Century Hall. The Logan Temple church was on the south side of Commerce, just west of the dance hall.

CHAVANNES PARK. North Knoxville. On Edgewood Avenue, east of Broadway. Today known as Edgewood Park. The park was given to the city for a public park in 1909, being a parcel of land covering about two acres, and as named Chavannes Park. Area youngsters played sandlot games here. It was still called Chavannes Park in the late 1940's, when city directories then still list the park under that name.

CHEROKEE. Cherokee was a planned suburban residential section, located south of the Tennessee river, on a five hundred acre site. Established in 1891 by the Cherokee Land Company, the proposed development eventually failed, but not before a bridge had been built across the river connecting the area to the north bank, detailed promotional publicity appeared in local newspapers, and the plans for the development were reportedly completed. The 1895 map of Knoxville by Vance, Coffee and Pill includes a detailed view of the streets that were laid out at Cherokee, where a school called the Maxie School is shown, but was never built. The project eventually failed. In 1905, a group of businessmen purchased the entire site, apparently as an investment, but it was never developed. Later, the site was acquired by the University of Tennessee and became the UT experimental farm.

CHEROKEE. Another residential area called Cherokee is listed as a suburban community in the 1907 city directory, with the location shown "on Maryville Pike, near the river". As in the case of other suburban communities at the time, only the names of residents, with no indication of their street addresses, were listed in early directories. Of those living in Cherokee in 1907, only three of those persons still listed in the city directory ten years later, when their residence addresses were now being listed. One lived on Crockett ("from Hoitt, south to Sevierville Pike"), and the other two lived on Blunt (Blount) Avenue. The section was also south of the river, as was the failed Cherokee Addition, but this Cherokee residential area was somewhat east of that site.

CHEROKEE CLIFF / CHEROKEE BLUFF. On the south side of the Tennessee River, east of Alcoa Highway and across the river from what today is Neyland Drive. During the Civil War, the bluff was seized by Longstreet's Confederate forces, where they made an unsuccessful attempt to bombard Fort Sanders, which proved to be too distant for effective fire. One remnant of that battle was the fact that for a few years following the Civil War the site was called Longstreet's Bluff. However, local newspapers later in the nineteenth century referred to the location as Cherokee Bluff, or as Cherokee Cliff, and the designation as Longstreet's Bluff had essentially been abandoned by the early 1880's. Evidence that the name of Longstreet's Bluff had been abandoned are found in local contemporary newspapers. The annual July 4^th Celebration was being held by the Cherokee Boat Club, at Cherokee Cliff in 1883, when activities included a baseball game, target shooting, a bicycle race, dancing and music. The following year, the July 4^th celebration was again held at the site, when local newspapers reported that the steamer "P. Dickinson" would transport passengers hourly to Cherokee Cliff, from the Prince (Market) Street wharf. In the 1890's, a cable car was constructed to carry passengers across the river to the bluff. It was a popular attraction, but a tragedy occurred at the site in 1894, when a cable broke, killing one person and injuring and stranding several others. Unfortunately, that was not the only tragedy that occurred at the dangerous Cherokee Cliff site. On April 7^th, 1891, a sixteen year old female student at the Girl's High School named Mary Plummer accidentally fell to her death from the cliff, when on a field trip with her botany class.

CHEROKEE COUNTRY CLUB / GOLF COURSE. Knoxville's original Country Club (which see) was organized in 1896. A colonial club house was built on a twelve acre site on Woodlawn Pike, two and a half miles from the city. That year the club had one hundred and ten members. In July, 1899, the club announced that it would reorganize and build a new clubhouse and a golf course, and the initial plans called for the new facility be located near Chilhowee Park. Those plans were scrapped, and at another meeting of the membership in 1907 similar plans were again announced, but those plans likewise were postponed. However, the club obviously continued in existence, since the Journal reported a golf match between players from the Country Club and the Highland club, played at the Highland course in East Knoxville in May, 1907. In 1913, a site west of town was acquired and a new club house and golf course were constructed. The name was later changed to the Cherokee Country Club and the club is still in existence, located on Lyons View pike, with the golf course located across the street from the clubhouse.

CHEROKEE PARK. East Knoxville. A residential addition, along Wilder Place, south of Dandridge Avenue, and south to Lapslay (Wyoming ) Street.

CHESTERFIELD. North Knox County. In the Old Rutledge Pike area, near the Skaggston community. The name was derived from a home in the area, owned by George Arnold, called "Chesterfield". A post office operated at Chesterfield from 1856 to 1858, where Arnold was the only Postmaster.

CHESTNUT GROVE SCHOOL. East Knox County. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, in the Bermuda community. References indicating that this school closed in 1905 when students at this and other area schools thereafter attended the Ritta School, are obviously in error, at least regarding the Chestnut Grove School. This school is mentioned in local newspapers eight years later, as one of the county schools participating in the Knox County Educational Rally, at Ball Camp, in September, 1913.

CHESTNUT OAK GROVE. The DeHarts beat the Mechanicsville Mayflowers, 10-0, in a baseball game played at Chestnut Oak Grove in April, 1894. Location unknown.

CHESTNUT HILL. Shown in the 1917 city directory as a suburban residential section, in the Chilhowee Park area of East Knoxville.

CHESTNUT HOLLOW. East Knox County. The original name of the Sunnyview community.

CHESTNUT RIDGE. Northwest Knox County. A community in the area of Chestnut Ridge Road, at its intersection with Heiskell Road, near the county edge. The Chestnut Ridge community is listed in the 1923 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, with mail c/o the Heiskell post office.

CHESTNUT VIEW. A community in East Knoxville. J. H. Daves, in his 1926 Study of the Colored Population of Knoxville, lists Chestnut View as a Knoxville community of black residents at that time. City directories of the period show that the Chestnut View community was in the section east of Five Points, near and in some instances including some of the area where the original Fair Grounds were located, generally in the section along Chestnut Street, south of Magnolia, between Wilson and Biddle ; Olive Street, south of McCalla ; Cherry Street, south of Salem ; and Luther Street.

CHESTNUT VIEW PARK. Obviously located somewhere in the above listed community. The Journal and Tribune reported on June 30, 1913, that the local colored population celebrated July 4^th at the Chestnut View Park.

CHILHOWEE COURT. A residential development in the Chilhowee Hills section.

CHILHOWEE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. A county school, on Asheville Highway.

CHILHOWEE HILLS. East Knoxville. North of the Holston Hills area, Chilhowee Hills is a residential addition, originally established along Chilhowee Drive.

CHILHOWIE / CHILHOWEE PARK. Since before the turn of the twentieth century, other than during the years between 1927 and 1934, when the name was changed to Sterchi Park, this has been the name of the recreational park and fair grounds located in East Knoxville. Originally opened in the 1880's as Beaman's Park, the site was also known by other names in earlier years, and, in the southern area of the park, as Elmwood Park. In the early 1890's, the area was briefly called the Lake Park addition, and the name of the lake was briefly changed to Lake Como, but within a few days it was renamed Lake Ottosee. In 1898, the park was refurbished by the Knoxville Traction Company, new swings, rental boats, a new pavilion, and a skating track were added, and the name was changed to Chilhowie Park. By 1899, the spelling had been changed from Chilhowie to Chilhowee, and new attractions included a new theater, a refurbished bicycle track, and improvement of the bowling alley,with pool and billiard tables added. A local newspaper article in 1900 describes a "great balloon ascension" attraction at Chilhowee Park. On that day, the balloon ascension itself turned out to be secondary, when -- in the midst of reported heavy pickpocketing by thieves -- the featured attraction, a Mrs. Thompson, was yanked from the balloon when it caught fire just prior to its ascension, barely saving the female flyer. Simultaneously, one Rufus Beard shot and killed a man named George Turner, smack in the midst of the spectators. Over the years, facilities at the park have included a playing field for baseball and football games, a skating rink, a bowling alley, theaters, a miniature railroad, a dance pavilion, a roller coaster, and midway rides. (See separate descriptions of several of those facilities below). The city's first twentieth century fair was held at Chilhowee Park in 1903. Later it was the site of the Appalachian Expositions in the early twentieth century, when one of the major attractions was horse racing, at the nearby East Tennessee Fair Association race track. In late September, 1909, a Carnival was held at Chilhowee Park, for the benefit of the Women's Lyceum and Art Museum. The larger National Conservation Exposition was held at the park in 1913. Park Avenue (Magnolia) originally terminated at the western end of the park, and the section east of that point was the street railway right of way. The swimming pool was once below the administration building site, at another time it was at the norther section of the lake, and the miniature railroad crossed over the lake between what were known as the upper and lower lake sections. The administration building was the site of concerts and dances in the 1940's and later years. For example, in early 1947 Sammy Kaye's orchestra appeared, and a few weeks later Duke Ellington's orchestra played at Chilhowee Park. The Tennessee Valley Fair still takes place each year at the grounds, and the Midway, with its shows, rides, and other attractions, continues to be a part of that annual fair. However, the original roller coaster was removed long ago, the permanent midway rides that operated at the park were later demolished, and today the site of the midway amusement rides during Fair week has been moved from the original location, south of Magnolia, to the northern section of the park. The section of the park on the south side of Magnolia was originally known as Elmwood Park. The 1904 city directory listed the surrounding area as the Chilhowee Park community, with 112 residents, including the East Tennessee Fair Association Race Track, and the Highland Golf and Country Club, the streets in that Chilhowee Park community including Armstrong Ferry, Ashland, Beaman, Castle, Fair Garden, Hazel, Jackson, Linden, McDonald, McDonald Farm, Magnolia, Mary, Oakland, Ray, Rutledge Pike, Summer, and Warren. This area also was long considered to be a part of the overall Park City community, and to add confusion, another earlier residential community was located south of the area (see below)

CHILHOWEE PARK. East Knoxville. An earlier residential community called the Chilhowee Park Addition was in existence in East Knoxville several years before the park itself was named Chilhowie Park. However, that addition was considerably south of what later became Chilhowee Park, being located just north of the river. An advertisement by real estate agent F. J. Rothpletz appeared in the Tribune on January 16^th, 1889, advertising homes and building lots in that Chilhowee Park Addition. This community was located between Dandridge Pike and the north bank of the river. Streets included Chilhowee, Seminole, Natchez, Mohawk, Muscove, and Marble Avenue. The name came from the company that developed the area, the Chilhowee Land Company. William Rule, in his History of Knoxville, states that this also was known as the McCammon Tract. The Chilhowee Park Addition is shown on the 1895 map of Knoxville.

CHILHOWEE PARK BOWLING ALLEY. Called the Knoxville Bowling Alley grounds in the early twentieth century, a bowling alley existed at the park as early as 1894, when the lake was called Lake Ottosee. Local newspapers reported in January, 1900, that the Knoxville Bowling Club had just completed extensive repairs to the Chilhowee Park Bowling Alley. A bowling alley was in operation at Chilhowee Park for many years, but under different names, including Elliston's Bowling Alley and Smoky's Bowling Alley.

CHILHOWEE PARK FIELD. Located on the south side of Magnolia, across the street from the main park. The baseball field was in the section that bordered what was originally Rutledge Pike, later McCalla Avenue. This was the park site for athletic contests and picnics. Earlier, this section was called Elmwood Park. Baseball and football games were played at the site. High school football games were played here by both Knoxville High School and Central High School, and the Tennessee Vols played their home football game against the University of Kentucky at the Chilhowee Park field on November 19^th, 1907. During the National Conservation Exposition in 1913, the site was called Exposition Stadium and that fall it was again the site of football games by local high schools. On September 13^th, 1913, the Knoxville Reds of the Appalachian League played a post-season baseball game against Atlanta, the Southern League champions, at the Chilhowee Park field. That same year, a professional exhibition game by the Philadelphia Americans and the New York Giants was played at the field. A map of the city of Knoxville, issued by the S. B. Newman Company in 1928, identifies the field simply as the "Base Ball Field", separated from Chilhowee Park by Magnolia Avenue. Each fall for many years, this section of the park was the site of the sideshows, games, and midway attractions during the annual East Tennessee A & I Fairs held at Chilhowee Park.

CHILHOWEE PARK MINERAL SPRINGS. Not unlike other similar places in Knoxville and Knox County, such as Whittle Springs and Neubert Springs, the Chilhowee Park Mineral Springs were once an attraction at Chilhowee Park.

CHILHOWEE PARK OPEN AIR THEATER. Beginning in the 1940's, and possibly before that time, shows were presented at the Chilhowee Park's open air theater. Those shows consisted of the combination of a movie and a stage show, the stage performers usually being country musicians. It later became primarily the place of live entertainment during the annual Tennessee Valley Fair. The site later was named the Homer Hamilton Theater

CHILHOWEE PARK THEATER. Built in 1899 at Chilhowee Park, as an entertainment venue. The Journal mentions on August 14, 1899, that for the first time in several years Knoxville now had two theaters, Staub's Theater and the new Chilhowee Park theater, or auditorium. That statement referred to the year 1888, when Knoxville had three theaters, including Staub's, the Bijou on Central between Vine and Willow, and the People's Theater, later called Clark's Olympic Theater, at the corner of Commerce and State. The theater was open when downtown's Staub's Theater was closed during the summer months. Usually, the theater at Chilhowee Park closed in late September, once Staub's Theater had reopened. An example of early entertainment here was a performance by Ellery's Royal Band, in April, 1903. Beginning in May, 1906, in addition to the live performances, silent movies were added to the regular entertainment at the theater, being some of the earliest silent movies shown in Knoxville on a regular basis. On April 14^th, 1907, an article in the Journal described the planned summer season attractions for the Chilhowee Park Theater, which opened that year on May 13^th. The theater was then operated by Jack Wells Amusement Enterprises, the firm that later originally operated the Wells Bijou Theater at the Lamar House site. A few years later, free movies were shown daily at the Chilhowee Park Theater, during the National Conservation Exposition that was held at Chilhowee Park in the fall of 1913.

CHILHOWEE PARK RACE TRACK. The race track in East Knoxville, later known as Speedway Circle. (See East Tennessee Fair Association Track.)

CHILHOWEE PARK SKATING RINK. The skating rink at Chilhowee Park, first listed in the city directory in 1943.

CHILHOWEE SCHOOL. A county elementary school, on Holston Drive. Opened in 1928.

CHISHOLM'S TAVERN. One of Knoxville's earliest taverns was owned and operated by John Chisholm. By the twentieth century, an old building located on the north side of Front Street, at the corner of Gay Street, was long thought to have been the original structure that had been Chisholm's Tavern. An article in the Journal on November 17, 1940, written by historian and the head of the McClung Historical Collection, Lucille Deaderick, includes an early map that shows Chisholm's Tavern at that site, probably enforcing that long-held assumption. The Daughters of the American Revolution even placed a plaque on the chimney of the building, identifying it as Chisholm's Tavern. Eventually, it was finally recognized that the building was not the original tavern, which had actually been located at the corner of State and Front streets, as verified through examination of the original deed, and early newspaper accounts. Even so, the building long thought to have been Chisholm's Tavern was one of the oldest remaining structures in the downtown area, built in the early nineteenth century, and probably should have been restored and saved from demolition.

CHOTA. A community in southwest Knox County. At the edge of the county. Located one and three-fourths miles from Ozark and one and a quarter miles east of the Shady Grove School.

CHOTA SCHOOL. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, west of the Rodelm community. The map does not show the Chota community at the time, and I am unsure whether the school got its name from that community, or vice versa.

CHRISTENBERRY JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL. North Knoxville. A city school, opened in 1935, on Warren Avenue (now Oglewood Avenue). The sizeable land on the property adjoining the school also rendered the site as a neighborhood playground. In fact, it was sometimes the practice field for the Stair Tech football team, that school having been located at the city's administration building site on Western Avenue, where no suitable practice field was available.

CHUMLEA. Northwest Knox County. Chumlea was located in the area along what today is Oak Ridge Highway near the Schaad Road intersection. The Chumlea post office existed from 1880 to 1890, then again, after a closure of five years, from 1895 to 1899. When the office closed in 1894, mail was c/o the Treeville post office. In 1899, the name of the post office was changed from Chumlea to Tekoa.

CHURCH GROVE. North Knox County. In the same area as Harbison's Cross Roads, three miles northeast of Preston. Some references indicate that Church Grove was the riginal name of the Gibbs community, but that is questionable, since maps in the late nineteenth century show both the communities of Church Grove and Gibbs were both in existence. For that matter, mail to Gibbs was directed to the Church Grove post office as late as 1893. The Church Grove post office was established in 1834 and continued in operation until 1904. The first Postmaster was Joshua H. Gist. Mail to Church Grove thereafter was c/o the Corryton post office. The Fairview Church was in Church Grove. Area schools included the Church Grove School and the Pine Grove School. Thompson's School was approximately two miles to the northwest. The 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer lists one general store, a blacksmith, and one physician in Church Grove.

CHURCH GROVE SCHOOL. North Knox County. In the Church Grove community. Opened in 1906. One reference indicates that the Gibbs High School was built at the same location where this school originally existed, but another states that the Church Grove School did not close until 1938.

CHURCH STREET METHODIST CHURCH. As previously explained, churches generally have not been included in this compilation. However, in some instances they were not uncommonly the site of public entertainment, particularly during the nineteenth century. The Church Street Methodist Church is an example, where on April 6^th, 1894, the Journal advertised that Shakespearean Recitals would be held at the "New M. E. Church, entrance on Locust". The cost of a ticket to the performance was fifty cents.

CHURCHWELL FERRY. G. W. Churchwell announced in the Knoxville Argus and Commercial Herald on August 19, 1840, that a new road had been established in West End, intersecting Old Maryville Road at Mr. Howell's, where "my ferry across the Holston river has been established."

CIRCLE PARK. In the University of Tennessee area. Originally called Payne's Circle, the park opened in the city of West Knoxville in 1872. Some sources refer to the park as having been Knoxville's first outdoor recreational facility, although that assumption depends on one's definition of a "recreational facility", since other sites including the original baseball grounds located north of Union, between Gay and State, and more than one race track, actually existed earlier. The park became a part of the city of Knoxville when West Knoxville was annexed into the city. Payne's Circle was renamed Circle Park in 1889, when the names of several streets in the area were also changed. In August, 1890, the property at Circle Park was placed on the market at auction, with the lots on the property surrounding the Park sold for residential purposes. The 1895 city directory lists four private residences in Circle Park. The park was still surrounded by a residential area as late as 1939, when the city directory lists ten families and one fraternity house in Circle Park.

CITY HOMES. A development of one hundred and seventy-six FHA financed homes, in 1944, beyond the Crystal Springs addition, near Sevierville Pike.

CITY HOMES. Another development of the same name and type as above, by the same developer, Howard Rogers. Consisted of seventy nine homes, in the Inskip section.

CITY HOTEL. This was at the name of the hotel at southwest corner of Gay and Cumberland (the Lamar House site) from 1837 to around 1853. An advertisement in the Register and Times on August 27^th, 1839, offered medical services to the public by a Dr. Porcher, who could be consulted at the City Hotel. John Pickett was operating the hotel in 1839 and sometimes newspapers called it Pickett's Hotel. The hotel was later offered for rent by J. G. M. Ramsey and James H. Cowan, in an advertisement in the Register on March 8^th, 1843. The next name, in a rather long list of names by which this hotel has been known over the years, was the Coleman House.

CITY PARK. Early twentieth century maps of Knoxville show a field or playground called City Park, on the east side of Central Avenue, between Central and First Creek, in the section between Church and Clinch Avenues.

CITY HALL PARK. A "beauty" park that was on the grounds of the old Deaf and Dumb School property, at Western and Broadway, when both the City Hall and the Boyd Junior High School were located in these buildings.

CLARENDON PLACE. The name of a community of residents, and a few businesses, located in the Mechanicsville section in the 1880's. A promotion of real estate developers, local dignitaries took a night time rail tour of the section, to view what was referred to as the Clarendon Place community, as reported in contemporary local newspapers.

CLARENDON PLACE GROUNDS. In 1885, local newspapers reported Knoxville Reds baseball games that were played that year at a place called the "Clarendon Place Grounds". It was the same field known as the Asylum Street Grounds, located near the corner of University and Asylum, near the original Mechanisville community. (This was the original field known by that name, before a later location a to the east that also bordered Asylum was also initially called the Asylum Street Grounds. then later was renamed Baldwin Park in 1895.)

CLARK'S OLYMPIC THEATER. Originally called the People's Theater, this live entertainment theater was located at the corner of Reservoir (Commerce) Street and State Street. Like the People's Theater, Clark's Olympic Theater was short-lived, closing in 1889, within a year of opening.

CLAXTON SCHOOL. A school located at 500 Piedmont Street. This became a city school in 1917. A new school building was constructed in 1928.

CLEAR SPRINGS. South Knox county. Shown as a Knox County community in the 1923 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, located on the Knoxville, Eastern and Sevierville Railroad line, with mail c/o the Neubert post office.

CLEAR SPRING SCHOOL. A school shown on the 1895 Knox County map, in East Knox County. Located on Old Rutledge Pike, near the Grainger County line. On that map, the school is at least two and a half miles from the nearest communities, House Mountain and Skaggston. A newer building for the school was constructed in 1938.

CLINCH AVENUE PLAYGROUND. A city-owned neighborhood playground, approximately three acres in size, existing from the early twentieth century until the 1930's (or later). The field was located at the western end of Clinch Avenue.

CLOVER HILL SCHOOL. An African American school in the Beaver Ridge (now Karns) community, listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

CLUB CARIOCA. A night club for African Americans, listed at 204½ South Gay Street in the 1940 city directory. The club was located on the second floor, on the east side of Gay, just north of Vine Street.

CLUB 509. A night club, located at 509 West Clinch Avenue in the 1940's.

CLUB NITENGALE. A night club, located at the junction of Old Central Avenue Pike and Dry Gap Pike

COBB'S FERRY. A ferry on the bank of the Tennessee river, in the eastern section of the county, shown on the 1895 Knox County map.

COFFIN. North Knox County. East of Fountain City, this was the original name of the Smithwood community. The Coffin post office existed less than one year, in 1886. The post office was renamed Smithwood in November, 1886.

COKER ADDITION. North Knoxville. A residential development in North Knoxville, listed as a suburban community in the 1913 city directory, the streets including Brice, Chicago, Coker, Lawson, Tennessee, Washington Pike, and Dutch Valley.

COKER AND BUCHANAN ADDITION. North Knoxville. A residential addition. Including McCrosky Street, between Broadway and Nadine, and from Nadine to Newman Street, between McCrosky and Washington Pike. Adjoining the Coker Addition.

COKER HILLS. North Knoxville. An Addition east of Whittle Springs Road, along the northern side of Boright Avenue. A residential development in the middle 1940's.

COKER'S PARK / SPRINGS. North Knoxville. Coker's Park is mentioned in the Journal on July 20, 1894, as being located "Just north of the northern terminus of Broadway." The Journal, listing activities for the local July 4^th, 1897 celebrations, reported that " a picnic for the colored people was given by the Logan Temple Methodist Church, at Coker's Park", where orations by Judge Houk and noted colored orator J. C. Price of Salisbury, North Carolina, were presented. The 1914 city directory indicates that one of the stops on the Broadway and Fountain City street railway line was Coker's Springs. The Comprehensive City Plan of Knoxville, the Bartholomew Company's report in 1930, includes an illustration of what is described a park site, from a photograph "taken from Broadway, near Coker Avenue". Coker Park and Springs was located below where Fulton High School is located today.

COLD SPRING. East Knoxville. An early suburban addition. Named by Knoxville's first Sheriff, Robert Houston, whose home was located there. The Cold Spring Addition was from McCalla and past Magnolia to Woodbine, and from Olive Street east to Harrison Street, including McCalla, from Harrison to a point north of Tarleton.

COLEMAN HOUSE. The name of the hotel at the southwest corner of Gay Street and Cumberland Avenue in the middle nineteenth century (the Lamar House site). In the 1830's, it was known as the City Hotel. It was called the Coleman House by 1854, and Albert Miller Lea's map of Knoxville in 1855 identifies that as the name of the hotel at that time. The name had been changed by 1859, when an advertisement in the city's first city directory for the Lamar House indicates the hotel as being "formerly the Coleman House".

COLLEGE HILL. Once the names of the campus of the University of Tennessee, and also the name for the residential section around the university, on the southern side of Cumberland, where Ayers Hall now stands at the top of the hill. Knoxville's first city directory in 1859 lists residents who were then living at what was then called College Hill, in proximity to the university campus. Earlier, it had been called Barbara Hill. The name was still being used at least as late as the 1870's ... an original handwritten letter in the author's collection, written from a student at the school in 1872, is signed from "College Hill".

COLLEGE HOMES. A public housing project, the construction started in 1938 and completed in 1940, containing 320 apartments. Along the western side of University Avenue, north of Western avenue and south of College Street, and designed exclusively for African American families. Obviously named for its proximity to the nearby Knoxville College. In the area today known as Mechanicsville, although when the housing complex was built this section of the area was known as McAnally Flats. In recent times, the College Homes apartments were demolished and replaced with new separate dwellings. When that demolition project began, a small handful of area residents voiced opposition to this plan, which led to local newspaper articles that questioned the elimination of College Homes. In one such article, it was suggested that the demolition was 'proof of the failure" of the College Homes project, an odd statement concerning a housing project that had been in existence for almost sixty years, and a place where that writer obviously did not know, nor take the time to determine, what the area had been like before College Homes was originally built. In his "Study of the Colored Population of Knoxville", printed Knoxville in 1926, J. H. Daves vividly portrays the poor living conditions that existed for many African Americans who lived in this section in the late 1920's, before College Homes came onto the scene. Some of the streets were unpaved, and many of the houses had no plumbing, no bathroom facilities, and no electricity. In addition, the section had been a high crime area in town. Whatever College Homes eventually became, certainly it originally played a vital role in initially eliminating much of what was a essentially a slum area, the criminal activity that had been prevalent in the section, at least for a while, and without question it resulted in considerably improved living conditions for many black residents who lived in the community.

COLONIAL HOTEL. A hotel at 808-810 South Gay Street. Opened in 1908, with seventy-five rooms, with a café that seated one hundred persons. The hotel was on the east side of Gay, between Main and Cumberland, south of Staub's Theater (later the Lyric Theater). The name was changed for a few years to the Reid Hotel. It appears under that name in city directories from 1939 to 1943, but the name had again been changed to the Colonial Hotel by 1947. The hotel building was demolished in 1956.

COLONIAL HOTEL CAFE. A series of winter musical concerts were held at the Colonial Hotel Cafe in 1908. One of the first performers was Ole Bull Jones, who then performed at the theater located in the block north of the hotel, at 703 South Gay Street, then called the Ole Bull Theater, previously the Marvel Theater. Most later references I mentioning Jones usually indicate merely that he was a popular 'fiddler' at that downtown theater. However, as a youngster he had performed in Knoxville in 1892 as a child prodigy playing the violin, and the fact that he was a concert performer at the Colonial Hotel Cafe at that time, when the newspaper article describes him as a "gifted violinist", obviously was an indication that his talent went somewhat beyond merely being a 'fiddler'

COLONIAL CIRCLE. A residential development in the Fountain City area. A large advertisement for lots for sale in the Colonial Circle area appears in the Journal and Tribune on September 29^th, 1907.

COLONIAL VILLAGE. South Knoxville. A residential development, east of Martin Mill Pike, north of Magazine Road, established in 1940.

COLORED CAMP. East Knox County. The name of a residential section where African American workers and their families lived in company houses in the Mascot zinc mining section. The area was also sometimes called Paper City.

COLORED HIGH SCHOOL. Originally Located at 900 Payne Avenue. The name of the high school for African American students. The Austin High School on Central Avenue was abandoned in the early twentieth century, students were transferred to the Green School, and the name of the Green School was changed to the Colored High School, although it was also called Austin High School. A new high school was built on Vine Avenue in 1928, where that school was likewise known both as the Colored High School and as Austin High School. After the new high school was built, the Green School again assumed its original name.

COLORED DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM. An African American school for the deaf, established in the early 1880's. Shown on the 1895 city of Knoxville map, located in East Knox County, on Dandridge Pike, north of the Chilhowee Park residential addition.

COLORED SCHOOL. (See Logan Chapel School).

COLUMBIAN HALL. A place of meetings and public gatherings. In November, 1894, over a thousand chrysanthemums were on display at the Chrysanthemum Show at Columbian Hall, at 525 Gay street, at the corner of Gay and Church. In March, 1895, the Feast of Purim was celebrated here by Knoxville's Hebrew people.

COLUMBIA HALL SCHOOL. A county school, in South Knoxville, on Island Home Pike, south of Meade Quarry, shown on the 1895 Knox County map. Possibly the same school later called the Quarry School, listed in city directories of the early twentieth century.

COLUMBIA THEATER. 609 South Gay Street, between Clinch and Church. This theater probably opened sometime in 1907, since it is listed in the 1908 city directory, the directory information having been gathered before January, 1908. Although it is listed only as a vaudeville house in the 1908 directory, the Columbia was a place of both live entertainment and movies. The theater opened its fall season on August 10^th, 1908 under new management, the building and interior having been remodeled. The Journal and Tribune described the Columbia as "the most popular five cent theater in the city". The name of the theater was changed to the Empire Theater in 1910.

COMMERCE AVENUE BOWLING ALLEY. A bowling alley, located at 307 Commerce Avenue, between Gay Street and Market Street. The Commerce Avenue alleys opened in April, 1932. The name was changed to Tennessee Bowling Association in 1936, then back to Commerce Avenue Alley in 1937, when a TVA employees bowling league bowled at the Commerce Avenue Alley. The bowling alley continued in existence at least until 1944.

CONCORD. Southwest Knox County. Most references indicate that Concord was founded around 1855, laid off on land owned by James M. Rogers, although one source dates the founding as 1852. Taking the name from the Concord Presbyterian Church, which had been established in 1823, the Concord post office was not established until 1855. However, the area was actually known as Concord before the village itself was laid off. A number of years ago the author acquired a pamphlet that was published in Greeneville, Tennessee in 1850, being the printing of a sermon delivered before the East Tennessee Synod of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church on October 15^th, 1849, by Rev. Joseph Dobson. That pamphlet records that the sermon was delivered "in the Village of Concord", verifying that the community name obviously existed before 1850. The 1876 Tennessee State Gazetteer lists the population of Concord as 400, but the 1881 edition shows the population had dropped to 270 persons, with three public schools, and a private school called the East Tennessee Normal School. At one time, another private school in Concord was the Russell Sisters Private School. The same Gazetteer describes Concord as "unsurpassed for healthfulness of location and facilities for transportation." By 1887, Concord had replaced adjoining Campbell's Station as the largest settlement in the county.

CONCORD ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. On Loop Road, in the Concord community.

CONCORD HOTEL. Little information is known about this place other than the fact that it was in existence. Local newspapers reported that several buildings were destroyed in a large fire at Concord in August, 1896, including the Concord hotel.

CONCORD PARK. West Knox County, in the Concord community. The Concord Park was established in 1945. By 1948, a swimming pool, a concession stand, and a picnic areas had been added at the park.

CONCORD PRIVATE SCHOOL. A school in the Concord community in the nineteenth century.

CONCORD RACE TRACK / FAIR GROUNDS. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, a race track had been in existence for many years in the general area, earlier known as the Campbell Station Race Track. An annual Fair was held at the site for several years in the late nineteenth century. The three day fair was reported in the Journal on September 16^th, 1891, and the following year the Journal reported the opening of that year's Concord Fair on September 1^st, 1892. Both articles indicate that horse racing was the main feature of the activities, but also describe various exhibits and competitions that took place at those fairs.

CONCORD SCHOOL. An unnamed school, located in the Concord area on the 1895 Knox County map, just east of the Concord Race Track. Probably this was the same Concord School that is listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report. The 1895 map shows only this one school in Concord at that time, although the 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer indicated that there were three schools. Possibly that reference was to other area schools, not specifically located in Concord, or to private schools.

CONCORD COLORED SCHOOL. A school for black students in the Concord community. Opened in a one room school house in 1894 as the Concord Colored School. The school building burned in 1939 and was replaced with a new building. The school closed in 1965 and that building burned in 1970.

CONDON HALL. A meeting hall in the nineteenth century, located on McGhee street, at the northeast corner of Atkin street, in the Mechanicsville community.

CONNER'S CREEK SCHOOL. A county school, shown on the 1895 Knox County map in the Hardin Valley community.

CONNORS SCHOOL. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, east of Bull Run and Heiskell's Station. Still listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

COOPER. West Knoxville. In the vicinity of what is now Bearden. The Cooper post office operated from 1875 to 1881, when the name of the facility was changed to Crippen. In the same general area was the Erin community, when the local railroad depot was called the Erin station. Most references mention that the name of the Erin community was changed to Cooper. Perhaps true, but the Rand McNally Railroad Guide continued to list the Erin community in 1893, twelve years after the name of the Cooper post office name was changed to Crippen.

JOSEPH L. COOPER TEN PEN ALLEY. Located at number 49 Gay Street in 1876, this bowling alley was located at Joseph H. Cooper's Saloon / Restaurant.

JOSEPH L. COOPER RESTAURANT. Located at 239-241 Gay Street in 1884. As in the case of such places as pool halls and billiard parlors, and tourist homes and tourist courts, a comprehensive listing of restaurants is not included in this compilations. That arbitrary decision was the result of several factors. To begin with, in the nineteenth century there were relatively few restaurants in the city. For example, in 1884 the city directory lists only three restaurants in Knoxville. That year, besides the Joseph H. Cooper Restaurant listed here, the only two others listed were Henderson Jones, at 257 Gay, and Henry H. C. Wilson, at 62 Union. On the other hand, that same year twenty-five saloons are listed in the directory. Restaurants were also located in most local hotels, and those hotels are listed elsewhere in this compilation. What happened during the eleven years between 1884 and 1895 I have no idea, but by 1895 the number of restaurants in town had increased from three to twenty-seven, and by that time all were located either in the downtown section or on nearby streets. In any event, I made the decision to randomly select two different years, approximately a half century apart -- 1895 and 1947 -- to include examples of restaurants that were in Knoxville in those times. These listings provide information regarding the locations of those places, and the diversification of the sites that took place during approximately a half century. For 1895, I have also included the forty-four saloons that were in Knoxville that year, since often those places were also eating establishments. For example, T. D. Egan is listed as both a restaurant and a saloon in the 1895 directory. African American businesses are shown here with ©, as was the designation in city directories in those times.

In 1895. only three of the restaurants listed in the city directory were located in the downtown area, but seventeen saloons were located in that same area that year. Eight restaurants and three saloon were owned by African Americans, and the prominent African American, Cal Johnson, operated the Poplar Log saloon at the corner of Vine and Gay and also had the saloon located at the corner of Vine and Central. Several saloons were located in the Bowery, on Central, on nearby streets in the Cripple Creek, and in other neighboring areas, where houses of prostitution were within a short walking distance. The Patrick Sullivan Saloon was at the northeast corner of Central and Jackson in 1895. While modern writings often make mention of that location, where in modern times a restaurant of the same name has opened, the fact is that Patrick Sullivan's was not in existence for the better part of the twentieth century.

1895 - RESTAURANTS

J. H. Boyd, 418 Central E. B. Mace, 107 South Gay © ; George Branner, 119 Central © ; Laura Nelson, 708 West Clinch © ; J. H. Brown, 114 Central ; G. W. Nicely, 203 ½ Vine ; J. T. Butler, 137 Central ; J. W. Nicely, 411 West Depot ; A. B. Carnes, 115 South Gay ; R. D. Niles, 300 ½ North Gay ; Frank Domenick, 102 South Central ; Mrs. Laura Osborn, 105 Vine ; C. A. and J. F. Eddington, 510 Prince ; W. F. Robinson, 314 Union ; Egan's Cafe and Restaurant, 609 ; S. G Albert Smith, 119 West Clinch © ; W. A. Ellenberg, 303 South Central ; Newton Smith, 141 ½ Central © ; E. J. Harrison, 202-206 South Central ; William C. Thompson, 202 Grand Ave ; Richard Hooten, 188 Patton ; Mary Trigg, 1218 Asylum ; Mrs. Anna Jeffries, 110 Patton © ; Pryor Karnes, 110 South Central ; Robert White, 218 Hardee © ; Charles Williams, 116 Hardee © ; and G. W. McDade, 204 Hardee ©

1895 - SALOONS

J. J. Ashe, 304 Wall ; R. P. Badgett, 312 West Clinch ; J. T. Burke, 5 Market Square ; William J. Clapp, 400 Hardee ; F. A. Cole, 220 Hardee ; Edward Cook, 108-108 ½ Patton © ; James Cunningham, 100 Vine ; John Cunningham, 711 West Fifth Avenue ; J. H. Curran, 700 Jacksboro ; J. F. DeArmond, 714-716 South Central ; D. W. Dewine, 727 Asylum (Western) ; T. G. Donahue, 312 Union ; T. D. Egan, 609 South Gay ; J. M. French, 801 Prince (Market) ; G. F. Glass, 108 South Gay ; Henry Haney, 800 South Central ; P. J. Harrigan, 300 North Gay ; J. C. Hegerty, 423 Depot ; B. J. Hoare, 445 Depot ; Cal F. Johnson, 201 South Gay © ; J. W. Kelly, 418 ½ Central ; William Kolter, 126 Vine ; S. L. Lane, 214 Union ; S. Levy and Company, 320 Union ; John McCabe, 529 High ; John McGuire, 1100 Mabry (Vine extension, east of Central) ; Patrick McGuire, 914 North Broadway ; Charles McNabb, 300 West Cumberland ; G. H. Mankel, 215 South Gay ; J. G. Mouser, 1300 Asylum (Western) ; Thomas Meehan, 905 North Broad ; H. T. Miller, 101 East Main ; J. B. Monroe, 1101 Hardee ; John Moriarty, 125 South Central ; David Mournan, 21 Market Square ; J. F. Murphy, 315 West Depot ; Mrs. Kate O'Bryne, 121 East Clinch ; Thomas O'Connor, 827 West Cumberland ; C. E. Oliver, 101 West Depot ; Poplar Log (Cal Johnson) 101 Vine, corner Central and Vine. (Cal Johnson) ; Louis Ronner, 101 South Gay ; Patrick Sullivan, 101 North Central ; William M. Turner, 509 Chamberlain ; and J. L. Ward, 428 Jacksboro.

By 1947, Knoxville had been "dry" for many years and the saloons of 1895 no longer existed. Those who wanted booze in those times acquired it from local bootleggers or hauled it to town in the trunks of their cars from adjoining states where liquor was legally sold. The saloons had been replaced by beer parlors, scattered all over town. In fact, some places listed in city directories as eating establishments, such as the Blue Goose in Happy Holler and the Three Feathers on South Gay, were in reality essentially beer joints.

There were approximately three hundred and fifty eateries, restaurants, and cafeterias in Knoxville in 1947. To illustrate the changes that have taken place in downtown Knoxville since that year, more than one hundred of those restaurants were located in the downtown area. Most of the neighborhood facilities were family owned and operated, and the large majority of those places have passed from the scene today. There were no pizza restaurants in Knoxville in 1947. Among specialized eating facilities were barbecue stands, including such places as Jack's, on University Avenue, and Southern Barbecue on Gay.

It will be noticed that several drug stores have been included here as having been eating places. In 1947, it seemingly was a prerequisite that a successful drug store include a fountain and a grill, and the majority of those in Knoxville included such facilities, usually with both counter stools and tables for the public. Also, firms like Woolworth's and S. H. George's had separate restaurant facilities that were often filled with customers during luncheon hours. As in the listings for 1895 establishments, those owned and operated by African Americans are shown with the designation ©.

KNOXVILLE RESTAURANTS IN 1947

BROADWAY, INCLUDING ARLINGTON, EDGEWOOD, FOUNTAIN CITY, GREENWAY

Arlington Drug Store, Bishop's Grill, Blue Seal, Broadway Grill, Broadway Inn, Broadway Tea Room, Bryant Drug Store, Central Cafe, Courtesy Drug Store, Courtesy Cafe, Dean's Cafe, Dutch Mill, Favorite Grill, Galo's (two locations), Glass Hut, Glenwood Sandwich Shop, Greenway Lunch, Harvey's Snack Bar, Hazel's Cafe, Henslee's Soda Shop, Hot Shoppe, Kay's of Knoxville (two locations), Lane - Rexall Drug Store, P & W. Café, Parkmor Drive In, Parke Lunch Room, Publix Cafe, Quality Sandwich Shop, Red Front Cafe, Rivoli Coffee Shop, Rucker's Cafe, Sixth Ave Lunch, Smithwood Drug Store, Standard Cafe, Thirty Two Club, Thornton Drug Store, Tip Top Lunch, Tony and Jerry's, W. C. Sharp Drug Store, Washington Pike Drug Store, and Williams Drug Store.

DOWNTOWN

(West from Central to Henley, north from the river to Magnolia)

Atlanta Lunch Room, B's Grill, B & B Grill, Bijou restaurant, Biltmore Cafe, Blaufield's, Blue Circle (seven locations), Blue Room Café ©, Bryan's Tasty Foods, Cameron's Grill, Carolina Special, Cazana's Arena Grill, R. H. Clapp, The Coffee Pot, Cole Drug Store (two locations), Comer's Sport Center Grill, Constantine's, Cozy Tavern, Dixie Lunch, Earl's Sandwich Shop, Depot Lunch, Elgin Drug Store, Empire Lunch Room, Farragut Hotel Coffee Shop, Fox Grill, G & W Cafe, Gateway Restaurant, Gay Restaurant, George's Place (two locations), Gold Sun Cafe, Grand Grill ©, Gray's Grill, H & M Café, Henley Street Drug Store, Hickory Tavern, Hillside Inn, Hotel Arnold Grill, Hurst Dining Room, Jennie's Lunch, Jo Ann's Cafe, Kay's of Knoxville (two locations), KBC Cafe, King's Cafe, Korner Kitchen, Kosher Food Center (Later Harold's), Krystal (three locations), Lane - Rexall Drug Store (two locations), Lay House, Lenora's Cafe, Lincoln Café ©, Little Chef, Louis Steak House, Lyle's Lunch, Lynch's Restaurant, Manhattan Cafe, Market Square Lunch, May Cafe, Medical Arts Drug Store, New York Cafe (both whites and blacks ate at this cafe), Orange Julius. Palace Grill, Paul's restaurant, Climax Tavern, Pierce's Sandwich Shop, Raymond's Spaghetti Shop, Regas Restaurant, S & W Cafeteria, S. H. George's Grill, Sanitary Sandwich Shop, Service Café, The Signal, Southern Cafe, Sparks and Brewer Café, Southern Barbecue, Spike's Cafeteria, Stuart's, The Tavern (Andrew Johnson Hotel), Tennessee Café, Three Feathers Sandwich Shop, Todd and Armistead Drug Store, Tommie's, Trailways Cafe, Union Café (Union bus terminal), Union News Company Café, Union News Co. Café (L & N Passenger Station), V. Grill, Walgreen's, Walker's Cafe, Wall Avenue Café, Ward's Cafe, White Front Cafe, White's Cafe, Williams Sandwich Shop, Willie's Sandwich Shop, F. W. Woolworth's.

EAST KNOXVILLE

(East of South Central, including Bowery, Washington Avenue, Park City, Burlington.)

Ann Tea Room, B & J Grill, Little Brown Jug Cafe, B. K. Grill, Betty's Sandwich Shop, Bon Mar Grill, Brown's Barbecue ©, Burlington Sandwich Shop, Cactus Grill, Campbell's Lunch, Capps Cafe, Carter Roberts Pharmacy ©, Comer Drug Store, Cozy Corner Restaurant ©, Cureton Cafe, Dizzy Dean Cafe ©, East Side Grill (two locations), Friendly Cafe, Green Lantern Cafe, Green's Lunch Room, Greenlee Drug Store, Greenway Inn ©, Griffin Sandwich Shop, Hartford Grill, Hatcher's Cafe, Homestead Grill, Indian Head Grill, Jackson's Sandwich Shop, Jim's Place, Jimmie's Confectionary ©, Andrew Jones Tamales ©, Jones Cafe, Joy Grill, Kay's of Knoxville, Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Lane - Rexall Drug Store, Last Chance Cafe ©, Last Word Chicken Shack ©, Lawson's Cafe ©, LeRoy's Steak House ©, Louie's Plantation, Luther's Café, Magnolia Avenue Drug Store, Major's Dining Room, Maples Cafe, McCalla Ave Tea Room, McCalla Ave Sandwich Shop, Mee Street Café ©, Monday's White House, Morgan Drug Store, New Town Cafe, Ninth Ave Lunch, Park City Inn ©, Pat's Grill, Porter and Shelton Café, Rainbow Inn, Ritz Cafe ©, Roy's Bar B Q, Royal Tavern ©, Shelton's Cafe, Skyland Grill, Stock Yard Cafe, Tobacco Warehouse Cafe, Two Way End Café, Walker's Barbeque, Wayside Canteen, Weaver's Cafeteria, Wilson's Restaurant ©.

NORTH KNOXVILLE

(Happy Holler, Oakwood, Lincoln Park, Clinton Highway.)

Almeda's Café, Bales and Workman Drug Store, Birdie's Shop ©, Blue Goose Cafe, Brown's Restaurant, Clyde's Cafe, Coney Island Lunch, Dandy Coffee Shop, DeLuxe Waffle Shop, Gammon's Restaurant, Hank's Lunch Room, Herlis Grill, Hill's Cafe, J. & M. Cafe, Kitts Grill, Lawson's Grill, Little Kilroy, Lunch Box, M & H Grill, Maypole Restaurant, Miller's Sandwich Shop, Mother's Cafe, Nicely Cafe, Public Cafe, Parks Grill, Rison's Pharmacy, D. H. Rolen Café, Rufus Scarlett, Shelton's Restaurant, Sisk Cafe, Tasty Sandwich Shop, V & F Cafe, Valley Grill, W. C. Sharp Drug Store, Weeks Drug Store, West Drug Store, Wolfenbarger Cafe,

SOUTH KNOXVILLE

Brown's Grill, C. M. King Café, Center Grill, Charlie's Cafe, Cherokee Grill, Eat A Bite Restaurant, Inferno, Jay & Pat's Blue Room, Vestal Cafe, Johnson Drug Store, K & M Grill, Kay's of Knoxville, Morgan Drug Store, Ralph's Place, Ruth Sandwich Shop, Sydney Kent Drug Store, Trip's Cafe, Yellow Jacket Diner.

WEST KNOXVILLE

(West of Henley, including Bearden, Lonsdale, Mechanicsville, McAnally Flats, Western Heights)

Bowl Land Grill, Brownie's Grill, Bunny's Lunch, Byerley's Cafeteria, Carl and Rosa's Cafe, Charlie's Place, Cherokee Lunch, Chris Cafe, Clinch Avenue Drug Store, Coffee Cup Cafe, Cole Drug Store, College Inn ©, College Drug Store ©, College Cafe ©, Colony Cafe, Craig's Café, Dale Ave. Sandwich Shop, Dan's Place, Edgehill Tea Room, Ellen's Café, Ellis and Ernest Drug Store (two locations), Everett's Place, Flamingo Restaurant ©, Fort Sanders Grill, Fort Sanders Drug Store, Highland's Grill, J & P Sandwich Shop, J. H. Shell Place, J. C.'s Restaurant, Jack's Place ©, Juanita's Lunch, Kay's of Knoxville, L & H Grill, L & B Cafe, Lane - Rexall Drug Store, Lay's Lunch, Le Hardy Drug Store, Little Grill ©, Little Brutus ©, Lockett's Cafe, Lonsdale Drug Store, Loy Sandwich Shop, Ron Do Voo Tea Room ©, Mel's Lunch Room, Miller's Cafe, Mrs. L. H. Wyce, Nelson's Cafe, Oki-Doke Café, Parker House Restaurant, Paul and Mary's, Plantation Club, Plaza Lunch Room ©, Proctor Street Cafe, Red, White and Blue Cafe, Regas Coffee Shop, Schofield Cafe, Shamrock Tea Room, Silver Dollar Cafe, Snack Bar, Sonner's Drug Store, Sparks & Brewer Cafe, Stacie and Art's Cafe, Tennessean, Toddle House, Tom's Cafe, Trucker's Kitchen, Western Star Lunch, Western Avenue Drug Store, Workers Café,

________________

COPPER RIDGE. A North Knox County community, east of Maynardville Pike, between Tell Mynatt Road and Majors Road. According to the Rand McNally Railroad Guide, mail to Copper Ridge in 1923 was c/o the Powell post office.

COPPER RIDGE SCHOOL. A school shown on the 1895 Knox County map, in the Snoderly community.

CORINTH. North Knox County. A community east of Tazewell Pike, between Luttrell Road and Shannon Valley Road, just northeast of the Beverly Hills Sanitarium. An article in the Knoxville Chronicle in 1873 reported that the Corinth Church in this community was nearing completion. A post office operated at Corinth from 1882 to 1887. Mail thereafter was c/o the Mynatt post office.

CORONA HALL. Located in the Henson building on Wall Street. Examples of meetings and entertainment held at Corona Hall included the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers ball, on February 24, 1897 ; a St Patrick's Day celebration in March, 1897.; an entertainment by the Elks Club, held for Camp Poland soldiers in September, 1898 ; and a recital held on January 11, 1899.

CORRYTON. North Knox County. The community east of Gibbs, around the Emory Road area, on both sides of the point where Corryton Road intersects, and southeast to beyond Washington Pike. The original name of this community was Sawyers' Station, named for an early settler in the area in the 1780's, John Sawyers. The Flat Creek Baptist Church was established in the area in the 1790's. The community name was later changed to Floyd's. The name of Corryton came about in the 1880's, when much of the area land was purchased by Corryton Woodbury. The name of the Floyd's post office was changed to Corryton in 1891. The first Corryton Postmaster was James A. Rutherford. The Corryton office operated until 1965, according to postal records. Schools in the general Corryton area in the nineteenth century were Walnut Grove Academy, a mile and a half to the east ; Fraker's School, another mile to the east ; and the Mountain View School (originally called the Hickory Nut School) two miles to the south.

CORRYTON SCHOOL. A county school, in the Corryton community. Established in 1906, said in some references to have replaced the Walnut Grove Academy. However, the Walnut Grove school continued in operation for several years afterwards, still being listed in the County School Superintendent's report for 1913-1913.

THE CORSO. East Knoxville. The name of the street along the east side of the residential area leading to Crescent Boulevard, in the original Old Fair Grounds section, east of Five Points. Today called South Cherry Street.

COSMOPOLITAN HALL. A place of public meetings in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, located at the end of the Asylum Street (now Western Avenue) streetcar line. Newspapers reported that the Ninth Ward voters met at Cosmopolitan Hall to ratify the "Citizens Ticket" on January 1, 1900. Cosmopolitan Hall was COSTER / COSTER SHOPS. North Knoxville. The name of the community around the Southern Railway's Southern Shops, originally called the Southern Shops, then later Coster Shops., in North Knoxville. Somewhat unexpectedly, early twentieth century city directories include the Coster area as a part of the Lincoln Park community. However, it considered a separate community in 1914, and by 1923 the Rand McNally Railroad Guide separately lists the Coster community. (See also Southern Shops.)

COSTER SHOPS FIELD. (See Southern Shops field)

COUNTRY CLUB. Knoxville's original country club, established in June, 1896 The Country Club opened its new colonial style club house that month, located on the club's twelve acre site, in South Knoxville, at the south terminus of Woodlawn Pike, two and a half miles from the city. By August, the club had one hundred and ten members. The Country Club later announced it would reorganize and build a new clubhouse, to be located near Chilhowee Park, including a golf course. That plan also fell through and eventually it became the Cherokee Country Club (which see)

COUNTRY CLUB ESTATES. One of several residential developments in Knoxville in the middle 1940's. This one consisted of 122 new homes, extending from Washington Pike. All of those developments were pre-fabricated homes, most of which were FHA-financed. Others similar developments at the time included Castle Heights, Villa Gardens, City Homes, Riverside, Long View Homes, Crystal Springs, and the Sanderson addition.

COURTNEY SCHOOL. A county school, shown on the 1895 Knox County map, south of the Lyons View community, about two miles southwest of the Insane Asylum, near the Stinette community.

COURTNEY HILL. The name for a community located along Second Creek, near where Neyland Stadium is now located. Mentioned in the Journal on December 17, 1894 ... "west of the KCG and L Railroad trestle over Second Creek." The Courtney Hill School was in the vicinity.

COURTNEY HILL SCHOOL. In the above community. When the area became a part of the city of West Knoxville, this became the area school for black children and was renamed the Riverdale School.

COWARDS. Northwest Knox County. A community located about two and a half miles southwest of Beaver Ridge. A post office operated in Cowards from 1890 to 1903. Mail thereafter was c/o the Beaver Ridge post office, but the Cowards community continues to be shown in the Rand McNally Railroad Guide as late as 1919. In the 1890's, the nearest area school was the Liberty Hill School, two miles to the west.

LEWIS COX TAVERN. On the main stage road, ten miles west of Knoxville. A notice in the Register in July, 1836, states that John P. Bearden had taken over the operation of this place, located as shown here, stated in that newspaper to have been "the stand so long kept by Lewis Cox".

COX'S CREEK. The Cox's Creek post office was in existence in Knox County from 1837 to 1842. The Postmaster was James R. Martin. This was one of the few Knox County post offices labeled as "Special", the indication that mail was delivered either through a special or private source. The location of Cox's Creek has not been determined.

CRAIGVILLE. West Knox County. A community that was generally in the area that today is west of the West Haven community, north of Western Avenue and west of Interstate 640. The Craigville post office existed from 1889 to 1891, when the name of the post office was changed to Swan.

CRAWFORD ADDITION. A residential development in the nineteenth century, north of Papermill Road and south of the development west of the city called Thompson's Addition (which see.)

CRAWFORD SCHOOL. A school in the Fourth District, listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

CRENSHAW. A community in South Knox County. East of Old Maryville Pike and north of John Sevier Highway, between Crenshaw Road and Rudder Lane.

CRENSHAW SCHOOL. A school located in the East Knoxville area. The Chronicle reported on July 24^th, 1878, that an East Knoxville branch of Knoxville College had been established in the Crenshaw School building, with thirty-five students enrolled.

CRESCENT BOWLING ALLEY. 707 Gay Street. An early twentieth century bowling alley, located on the west side of Gay, between Main and Cumberland. Just south of the Lamar Hotel site (then called the Auditorium Hotel). This bowling alley was in operation when the Auditorium Skating Rink entrance was in operation. Perhaps the facility was opened to take advantage of customers who were regularly attending activities at the Auditorium. Located at the site of property owned by Charles McNabb in 1905, who originally established the skating rink.

CRESWELL SCHOOL. A nineteenth century city school for black children. Originally operated in the Baptist Church building on Gay Street, then in a blacksmith shop, before a new building for the school was constructed at the corner of Pine Street and Lee Street.

CRIPPEN. West Knox County. In what is now in the Bearden area. A post office existed at Crippen only from 1881 to 1883. The name of the office was originally changed from Cooper to Crippen, then was changed to Bearden in 1883. Crippen is listed with a population of 150 in the 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer. Apparently, Bearden and Crippen continued to exist as separate communities for some while. It is otherwise difficult to understand why records show that by the early twentieth century the population of Bearden was only about half the number of people who were reported as living in Crippen some twenty years earlier. The entire section at some time thereafter came to be called Bearden, as it is still known today.

CRIPPEN GAP. North Knoxville. North of Fountain City, in the section at the base of the hill beyond Black Oak Ridge, originally considered to be south of Halls Cross Roads. Probably named for an area resident, since late nineteenth century postal maps show a John Crippen living in this area, and other members of the Crippen family were living a bit to the north. Somehow, the boundaries have been moved a considerable distance to the south in modern times, since today that just past the top of Black Oak Ridge a sign indicates that you are now in Halls. But that's pretty common these days. Today, Powell (originally Powell Station) Station apparently extends towards town to include the shopping large center sections along both sides of Clinton Highway at the intersection of Callahan Road. That's a considerable distance south of what was the Powell community a half century ago.

CRIPPEN SCHOOL. A school in east Knox county, in the late and early nineteenth century. The Crippen School was closed when the Ritta School opened in 1905.

CRIPPLE CREEK. The one-time name of the area east of what is now called the "Old City" section, east from Central primarily in the streets south along Hardee (Jackson avenue). Cripple Creek was the roughest section in town, one of the more notorious sections in the Bowery in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Florida Street was in the Cripple Creek area, a few blocks east of Central, in a section that was known as the Tenderloin district, or "Friendly Town", where an active prostitution trade was located for several years in the early twentieth century. Both colored and white residents lived in Cripple Creek, usually in poverty, on streets that included Kennedy, Mill, Willow, Florida, Morgan, and Patton Streets. In later years the section was known as the "Bottom".

FLORENCE CRITTENDEN HOME. A home for needy and wayward women, including some from the workhouse and jail who were taken there in an attempt to reform them. Opened at the corner of Hardee (Jackson) and Florida on September 3, 1896. The location was perhaps ill chosen, because by 1907 a section along Florida Street had become a section of prostitution known as "Friendly Town".

CROOKED FORK SCHOOL. Location not known. Crooked Fork was one of the schools represented at the Knox County Teachers Normal Institute held at the court house on July 14, 1890.

MISSES CROZIER MUSIC SCHOOL. A music school, located on the second floor at the Staub's Theater building, at the corner of Gay and Cumberland. An advertisement for this school appears in the 1889 city directory. Miss Cornelia Crozier taught voice and Miss K. Annah Crozier taught piano at this music school.

CROYDEN. Location not determined. The Croyden community is listed in the 1916 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, on the L & N Railway line. It is still listed in that guidebook in 1923.

CRYSTAL SPRINGS ADDITION. South Knoxville. A residential development, from McClung south to Trotter, and from Sevier to South Haven, along the western side of Sevier Avenue. Developed by the Galbraith Brothers Real Estate Company in the 1920's, in the same area as the development that was called the Rock City Addition. Around 1944, another development in the general area was also called Crystal Springs, being one of several similar subdivisions of new homes developed at that time in Knoxville, all being pre-fabricated dwellings.

CRYSTAL THEATER. When the Crystal Theater closed in January, 1957, an article in the News Sentinel indicated that the theater had originally opened on November 27, 1914. However, the theater was in existence as early as 1910, not only being listed in the city directory in 1911, but an advertisement for entertainment at the theater appeared earlier in the Journal, on October 3, 1910. The Crystal originally opened as a silent movie theater at 425 South Gay Street, on the west side of Gay, between Wall and Union. In 1914, the site had been converted into the Crystal Shooting Gallery. In 1915, both the Crystal and the Rex theaters were open, under the same management and located next door to each other -- the Rex Theater at 423 South Gay, the Crystal Theater at the original address of 425 South Gay. Newspapers that year sometimes listed the movies playing at both theaters in the same advertisement. The Crystal Theater was renamed the Ritz Theater in 1930, when the proprietors added live vaudeville entertainment to the movie fare, but that venture apparently was eventually unsuccessful, and the theater moved to 31 Market Square in July, 1935, again assuming the name of the Crystal, and dropping the live entertainment. On Market Square, the theater was located in what had previously been the site of the Rialto Theater. By 1956, attendance had deteriorated to the point that the theater was open only on Fridays and Saturdays during the final six months of that year. The Crystal closed on January 1^st, 1957. While the Crystal was an early venue for motion pictures in Knoxville, it was not the city's first such theater. Movies were a regular attraction in the early twentieth century, in 1906 or 1907, at the Chilhowee Park Theater, and at other local theaters, including the Marvel, the Columbia, the Dixie Amusement Parlor, the Arcade Theater, and at Charles McNabb's Skating Rink. Most of those early theaters were showing silent motion pictures in combination with live entertainment. The Dixie Amusement Parlor apparently was the only theater where just movies were the fare.

CULLEN'S POND. North Knoxville. The Sentinel reported on January 11, 1898, that the first ice skating of the season in the city took place at various Knoxville locales, including Cullen's Pond, located near the old North Knoxville school building.

CUMBERLAND AVENUE GROUNDS. On July 30^th, 1870, the Press and Herald carried an advertisement for John Robinson's Zoological and Equestrian show, to be held "at a lot on Cumberland, near the railroad bridge". Specifically where those grounds were located has not been determined.

CUMBERLAND BOWL LAND. A bowling alley at 1819 West Cumberland. First listed in the city directory in 1942 under this name, and by 1943 the name changed merely to "Bowl Land" in 1943.

CUMBERLAND CLUB. A professional and businessmen's club, established in 1893. A new building was completed on July 18, 1893, at the site of the late George Brown's home, which had originally been renovated and occupied by the club, on the south side of Clinch avenue, at the corner of Walnut avenue. It was also sometimes a place of gatherings for holiday celebrations and similar functions, an example being on New Years Day, January 1^st, 1900, when a public reception and entertainment was held at the Cumberland Club. An extensive fire at the club on May 1, 1913, caused an estimated ten to 12 thousand dollars to the structure. Today, the YWCA building stands at the original site of the Cumberland Club.

CUMBERLAND HOTEL. 723 South Gay Street. At the northwest corner of Gay, between Cumberland and Church. From 1901 to 1908, the Cumberland Hotel was at this address. It had originally opened as the Schubert Hotel, and later names included the New Schubert Hotel, the Hotel Knox, and the Flanders Hotel. By 1910, it had been renamed the Appalachian Hotel. In 1919, the name was changed again, to the "New" Cumberland Hotel, but by 1925 it was known again merely as the Cumberland Hotel. The Cumberland Hotel continued in operation into the middle 1940's. By 1947 the building had been demolished.

CURRIER SCHOOL. A county elementary school. In the 1930's and 1940's. city directories show the school on Lowes Ferry Pike (now Northshore Drive). This was the earlier name of what later became the Rocky Hill School.

CURREY'S SCHOOL. A private school, at the corner of Gay and Hill in the nineteenth century. This may have been the same school known as the Daughter's Collegiate Institute (which see).

CUTSVILLE. The name by which Journal reporters sometimes referred to the Cripple Creek district in the 1890's, a name obviously chosen because of the knife fights that occurred in the section on a regular basis.

DAILEY HEIGHTS / DAILEY HILLS. East Knoxville. A residential addition, along the south side of Brooks Road, east of the intersection of Dandridge Avenue and Wilder.

DALE AVENUE PLAYGROUND. A city playground, located at Bethel and McConnell Streets.

DALE AVENUE SETTLEMENT HOUSE SCHOOL. A school with programs for schooling and recreation. Opened in 1910, for students who worked part time at area mills. A similar program operated at the Pickle School.

DAMERON'S ADDITION. North Knoxville. A suburban residential addition. The Press and Herald reported on February 28^th, 1874, that the Dameron estate had been surveyed the previous day, for the purpose of dividing the property into lots. Located in the section north of the National Cemetery on Bernard Street (then Munson Street), from Central Avenue to a block west of Second Creek, and north to a street that was predictably named Dameron. The western portion included an area of streets and houses that no longer exist, demolished when Interstate 75 (now I-275) was constructed.

DANCING SCHOOL. A dancing school, dating from Knoxville's earliest times. Neither the name of the proprietor nor the location is known. Despite the sketchy available information, this school has been included here as an example of the existence of such a facility in frontier days in Knoxville. In his Journal, John Sevier recorded that on October 5^th, 1797, his children had gone "to the dancing school" in Knoxville.

DANTE. North Knox County. A community in the Central Avenue Pike / Dante Road area. The Dante post office operated from 1880 to 1907. The first Postmaster was Niles Bacon. The Plainview School was in Dante. The area was originally settled by J. Sleche, who is said to have named the community for the author of The Inferno, Dante Alighieri. If true, it was something of an odd choice for the name of a small rural community in Knox County, Tennessee. In modern times, some residents of the area today apparently pronounce the community name "DAUNT - A", which obviously is correct if one uses the accepted pronunciation of Alighieri's name. However, for many years, most residents of the area and others living in Knoxville, historically referred to the community as "DAINT-EE".

DANTE SCHOOL An unnamed school, shown on the 1895 Knox County map, just northeast of the Dante Community. This likely was the Plainview School, (which see.)

DANTE SCHOOL. Another county school in Dante, located on Dante Road.

DANTE DALE SCHOOL. An African American school in the Fourth District, listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report

DAUGHTERS COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE. A private school, in the early 1860's, operated by a Dr. Currey. Probably this was Dr. Richard Currey, who was the author of Sketch of the Geology of Tennessee, a book printed in Knoxville in 1857.

DAVIS MILL. East Knox County. Location unknown, but this place is listed in Knox County in the 1893 and 1900 Rand McNally Railroad Guides, with mail c/o the Thorn Grove post office.

DAWN THEATER. A movie theater, located at 1132 Ailor, in McAnally Flats (or Western Heights, depending on who you talk with, or the time period you're referring to.) The theater opened in 1946. Amateur talent shows were sometimes an added attraction to the movie fare at this theater. The Dawn was then the city's first suburban theater cooled by refrigeration. When air conditioning was first installed in local movie houses, large banners hung from marquees declaring "20% cooler on the inside". The Dawn Theater closed in 1954.

DEADERICK. The Deaderick post office existed in Knox County from 1900 to 1904, the name obviously derived from the only Postmaster, Inslee Deaderick. Location not known.

DEADERICK'S ADDITION. A nineteenth century suburban addition. Located in the area north of Tulip Street, along Arthur and Clark Streets. In the original Mechanicsville community. The original name of an area street was, and still is, Deaderick Avenue.

DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM. Opened in 1845. A new building was built in 1849 and the school moved into a large new structure on Asylum Street. What later became Western Avenue (including the section east of Henley now called Summit Hill) was long called Asylum Street, and the street was named for the institution. Sports teams fielded by the Deaf and Dumb school competed against teams from local schools including Knoxville High School, Central High School, and the Baker Himel School, and in the 1890's the scrub team, or second team, of the University of Tennessee football team played games against the Deaf and Dumb School. The school later moved to new quarters south of the river, where the name was the Tennessee School for the Deaf. (which see.)

DEAN TOBACCO WAREHOUSE. Perhaps a somewhat unusual location to be included in this compilation, but this warehouse, located on Preston street between McCalla and Vine, was the site of performances by Maynard Baird's Orchestra, comic skits by Joe and Martin Kennedy, and other entertainers, during the week beginning on April 28^th, 1930, in connection with a home exposition show

DEANE HILL. The name of the residential area around the golf course of the same name which opened in 1947.

DEANE HILL COUNTY CLUB / GOLF COURSE. A private golf course, located south of Kingston Pike and east of Morrell Road, across from what later became the eastern edge of the West Town Mall. The course opened in 1947. It was closed in recent years for the establishment and construction of yet another shopping center, and apparently little if any evidence that the course once existed remains today.

DEARMOND'S, JOHN. South Knoxville. An eighteenth century settlement, south of the river. Precise location not known.

DEDIE. West Knox County. Location unknown, but in West Knox County. The Dedie community is listed in the 1919 and 1923 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, with mail c/o the Bearden post office.

DELIA. Southeast Knox County. The Delia post office existed in Knox County only one year, in 1890. The Postmaster was Ashley Johnson, founder of the Johnson Bible College. The name of the post office was changed to Kimberlin Heights in December, 1890 and the location was changed to that community. Delia was not an earlier name of the Kimberlin Heights community but a separate place, located between the Kimberlin Heights area and the Jefferson County line. Somewhere along the way the boundary line obviously was changed, since when the Delia post office reopened in 1891, postal records indicate that it was located in Jefferson County, and when that office again closed in 1903, mail to Delia was thereafter c/o the Dandridge post office, also in Jefferson County.

DEPOT STREET GROUNDS. In September, 1870, the Ames Circus exhibited in Knoxville. The newspaper accounts reported that the circus was held at a the "Depot Street Grounds, adjoining Depot Square". Precisely where Depot Square was located I have not determined, although logic would naturally cause one to think the term referred either to a site on or near Depot Street, or somewhere near the railway depot itself. The railway depot in 1870 was located on the south side of Depot Street, between Gay and Broad. From the description in the newspaper ad it seems probable the location was somewhere west of Gay street in that area. Depot Square perhaps referred to a site near the original railway passenger depot, west of Gay, and it would seem likely that those grounds were west of the railroad depot itself, since at that time the Atkin House was located near the southwest corner of Gay and Depot and the property to the west was vacant.

DEPOT STREET, EAST, GROUNDS. In November, 1912, the Moss Brothers carnival exhibited for a week at a site on East Depot avenue. The precise location has not been determined, but this was perhaps the same site where the King and Franklin circus had earlier played in 1892, at the corner of Florida and Depot streets.

DESOTO HOTEL. A hotel, at 522 Western Avenue. Listed in city directories in the late 1930's.

DEWEY. East Knox County. A community somewhere near the Mascot section. The Dewey post office operated only from 1900 to 1901. Afterwards, mail to this place was c/o the Mascot post office. However, the Dewey community continued to be listed as late as 1919 in the Rand McNally Railroad Guide.

DICKEY SCHOOL. A school for African American children in the Beaver Ridge (Karns) community, in the nineteenth century. The school burned in 1876.

DICKINSON'S ISLAND. South Knoxville. Knoxville entrepreneur Perez Dickinson's owned this island. Dickinson purchased the island and the adjacent land on the south bank, where his Island Home residence was located. Dickinson sometimes entertained at his island. On August 13^th, 1874, the Knoxville Chronicle contains a report of a "watermelon picnic" at Dickinson's Island, for members of the Grand Jury of the U. S. Court, and for other local citizens, "at the invitation of Colonel Dickinson". Since the early 1930's, this has been the location of the Island Home Airport.

DIME THEATER. A movie theater, opened at 29 West Market Square in 1930 and closed the same year. This address was next door to number 31 Market Square, where the Rialto Theater, then later the Crystal Theater, were later located.

DITNEY HILL SCHOOL. An African American school in the Third District, listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

DIXIE AMUSEMENT PARLOR. Located at 815 Gay (west side, between Main and Cumberland) in 1907. This was an early Knoxville silent movie theater. A small advertisement appeared in the Journal on May 19^th, 1907, announcing that this theater had just opened, showing the "best pictures in the city", where the movies, according to that advertisement, were changed three times each week.

DIXIE THEATER. A movie theater for black patrons. Opened at 133 South Central in 1915. The Dixie closed the following year. The theater was located on the west side of Central, in the middle of the block between Willow and Vine.

DOUGHTY FERRY. A ferry on the bank of the Tennessee river, in the west section of the county, shown on the 1895 Knox County map.

DREAMLAND THEATER. While this theater was obviously in existence, I have been unable to identify its downtown location. The Dreamland is said to have been in operation at some time between 1908 and 1912. However, If any advertisements for the theater appeared in local newspapers I have been unable to locate them, and the theater is not listed any of Knoxville's city directories. In the Knoxville Journal's Fiftieth Anniversary edition, issued in 1936, information furnished by a local resident who had worked at early Knoxville movie theaters recalled the Dreamland Theater as having been a downtown movie house that opened at 10 o'clock AM each day, to take in as many dimes as possible from potential customers. Probably so, but the existence of that theater must have been short-lived, and its location, at least to the author, remains a mystery.

DRINNEN. Southeast Knox County. A community shown on late nineteenth century maps, south of Wanita and northeast of Kimberlin Heights. The Drinnen post office operated from 1900 to 1904. The Postmaster was Benjamin F. Smith. Drinnen is still listed in the 1914 Rand McNally Railroad Guide.

DRAUGHON'S BUSINESS COLLEGE. A business college in operation in Knoxville as early as the beginning of the twentieth century, with an average enrollment of 125 students, and in existence for many years afterwards.

DRY GAP. North Knox County. The community in the northern section of the road of the same name, Dry Gap Pike, in the eastern area around the intersection of Cunningham Road and Beaver Creek Drive.

DUFF FIELD. Young High School's football stadium, located east of Chapman Highway and north of Young High Pike.

DUNBAR HOTEL. A hotel at 105 South Gay Street. Earlier, the name had been the St. Lawrence Hotel. In the 1940's and after 1950 it was called the Dunbar Hotel. The hotel was in the first block of South Gay, south of the viaduct.

DUTCH VALLEY. North Knoxville. The section along Dutch Valley Road, from Broadway to Old Central Avenue Pike. An old community, where settlement was fairly sparse in the earlier nineteenth century, but by the post Civil War period settlement was more extensive. Many original residents in this area were primarily of Dutch descent, thus the area name, and the name of the area road itself.

EAGLE TAVERN. A Knoxville tavern, located at the corner of Cumberland and Water (Central). Known to have been in operation as early as 1808 and as late as 1831. The October 12^th, 1831 issue of the Register contains an advertisement for this tavern ... " open for accommodation of travellers - Wilson White".

EARLE HOTEL. The hotel at the Northeast corner of Gay Street and Depot. Earlier this was called the Milner Hotel, and originally it opened as the Atkin Hotel.

EASLEY HOTEL. An African American hotel in the 1890's, operated for years by Alfred Easley and located at 1112 Mabry Street (then the name of the extension of Vine, east of Central.). In May, 1897 it was revealed that the hotel actually had been a front for an extensive gang of burglars, in an operation controlled by Easley. After undercover work, police raided the hotel and arrested Easley and his wife, and soon a number of citizens were at the hotel, attempting to identify stolen property.

EAST EMORY SCHOOL. A Knox County African American school, listed in the 1912-1913 Knox County School Report under "Colored Schools". Locate in the Fifth District. A West Emery School was also in existence at the time. Both schools were apparently located in the Concord area, since each school had only one teacher, both living in the Concord community.

EAST END ADDITION. East Knoxville. A residential addition, originally developed as the Thompson Addition in 1886, when local newspapers described this residential section. On March 1^st, 1890, ads in local papers announced that lots in the "East End Addition", 50 x 150, were to be auctioned by the firm of Strong and Thompson. The development was at the location of the Old Fair Grounds (which see).

EAST KNOXVILLE. The earliest developed suburb to the city of Knoxville, East Knoxville, was chartered as a municipality in 1856, and annexed into the city in 1868. The streets in East Knoxville are listed in the 1869 Knoxville city directory. The original East Knoxville boundaries are described in William Rule's History of Knoxville. Generally, the community originally consisted of the section along Central Street north from the river to what is now Magnolia, east to what is now Winona Street, and southeast back to the river. By the early twentieth century, much of the section of East Knoxville between Central and Vine Street, eastward to around the western edge of the Mountain View community, was the site of the largest concentration of Knoxville's African American population. The 1876 city directory lists one hundred and thirty-seven black families living in East Knoxville, about four times as many black families as were then listed as living in McAnally Flats, west of the Mechanicsville community. Sections in East Knoxville are identified as African American communities by J. H. Daves in 1926, in his book, Study of the Colored Population of Knoxville, and those areas are recognizable when reviewing the listings of black residents and businesses in city directories of the period. An example of the poor living conditions in some of the East Knoxville section in the middle twentieth century appeared in a local newspaper, where an old dilapidated frame building known as "Easley Hall", located at 1113 East Vine, was being demolished by the Knoxville Housing Authority. The house had just one toilet, was lighted with oil lamps, and a reported fifty people were living in the house. The section of East Knoxville east of Central, located to the south nearer the river along Cumberland and Main, originally were primarily white neighborhoods. A column by Lucy Templeton's once appeared in the News Sentinel with reminiscences of that area of East Knoxville and its residents, written by Mrs. Francis Tillman Ashe. In that article, Mrs. Ashe bemoaned the continuous re-zoning that by then had essentially obliterated that neighborhood. In later years, when the downtown loop and the Mountain View redevelopment projects were completed, both that area and the much of the original section of African American neighborhoods in East Knoxville were eliminated from the scene. As is evident elsewhere in this book, particularly in later times, separate neighborhoods existed within the East Knoxville area, such as Park City and Mountain View, but the entire section was originally known as East Knoxville.

EAST KNOXVILLE SCHOOL. In East Knoxville, a school for African American children, listed in the 1869 Knoxville city directory, located on Temperance Hill. The school was operated by the Union Presbyterian Mission, and a Dr. Brown was the teacher.

EAST TENNESSEE COLLEGE / UNIVERSITY. Blount College became East Tennessee College in 1807. The name had been changed to East Tennessee University after 1839. A monthly student periodical, issued only during the years 1842/3 and 1843/4, was called the East Tennessee University Magazine. Today this is the University of Tennessee.

EAST TENNESSEE FAIR ASSOCIATION TRACK. East Knoxville, southeast of Chilhowee Park. The Journal reported on November 8^th, 1896 that the new track had just been completed. Horse racing events were first held at the track in 1897. The track was a project of the East Tennessee Fair Association, which leased the property from Cal Johnson and continued to operate the track into the twentieth century, when Knoxville's fair was held at nearby Chilhowee Park in 1903, and when horse racing events were a significant part of that and later Appalachian Expositions held at the park. Later, it was called Cal Johnson Track, and also was known as Speedway Circle, then still later became a residential area.

EAST TENNESSEE FEMALE INSTITUTE. Previously the Knoxville Female Academy, the name was changed in 1846 to East Tennessee Female Institute.. The school was located on Main, west of Henley Street. For years, public meetings and public entertainment was held at the school. It was reorganized in 1870, and renamed the East Tennessee Institute. Knoxville's July 4^th, 1870 celebration was held in the downtown area, and the orations on that occasion were delivered at the Female Institute. The school later moved into a larger newly constructed building, also on Main avenue, completed in 1890. The school closed in 1911.

EAST TENNESSEE NORMAL SCHOOL. Once a private school, in the Concord community.

EASTPORT. East Knoxville. A community that dates from the middle of the nineteenth century. The second Knoxville city directory, issued in 1869, lists African American families who were living in East Port. An example of political happenings in Eastport in is found in local newspapers, reporting that an Eastport Republican organization, the Hayes and Wheeler Club, held a meeting in Eastport in 1876. Eastport is shown on the 1895 Knoxville City map as the area of streets east of the Confederate Cemetery, north of the Eastport Cemetery, and south of Nelson Street. Listings in early twentieth century directories verify the Eastport continued to be primarily a black community, but by 1913 the city directory, listing Eastport as an "Eastern Suburb", shows only four families, three white and one African American, and the only two streets then shown in Eastport were Hume and Trigg streets. However, what was long considered to be the Eastport community was long essentially a primarily African American community.

EASTPORT SCHOOL. In the Eastport community. Originally a school for African American children. The more recent Eastport School building opened in 1932. At one time it was known as the Eastport High School, when the school was listed in the 1869 city directory. The school probably stills holds the record for longevity among all of Knoxville's city and county schools, having closed in 1995 after being in operation for more than one hundred and twenty-five years. In the 1860's, it was also known as the Fourth Sub District School. The Eastport School is shown on the 1895 Knox County map, north of what was then Brabson's Ferry Road.

EASTWOOD. East Knoxville. The Eastwood community is listed in the 1894 Knoxville Blue Book, which lists eleven residents in this community. The community name came from a contest announced in the Knoxville Journal in July, 1892, to name this residential tract that was developed by the National Building Company (M. E. (Mel) Thompson, Knoxville mayor.) The name of Eastwood was chosen, according to the sponsors of that contest one of the reasons being that Knoxville already had residential suburbs called Edgewood, Glenwood, and Westwood. The boundaries of Eastwood were "Knoxville Electric RR, Montview Road on the south, east to Glenwood, and north to the city limits."

EBENEZER. Southwest Knox County. North of Westland Drive, in the area around the intersection of Ebenezer Road. Settled around 1780 by Ebenezer Bryam, in a section known then as "Ten Mile Creek", or "Sinking Creek". The 1869 city directory lists Ebenezer as a flag station on the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, then showing the population as fifty-four persons. The 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer contains an obvious misprint, indicating that Ebenezer was settled in 1870, instead of 1780. The Ebenezer community was sometimes a public gathering place. In June, 1886, the Chronicle reported that five hundred people took a special train from Knoxville for the annual outing of the Third Presbyterian Church, held in Ebenezer, "at the beautiful grove of Mr. Walker". The population at Ebenezer at that time was still about fifty persons. A post office was established at Ebenezer in 1870 and continued in operation until 1936, and mail to thereafter was c/o the Concord post office.

EBENEZER ACADEMY. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, about a mile northwest of Ebenezer and south of Kingston Pike. Identified on that map merely as the "Academy", but there would seem little question that this was the same preparatory school for young men, originally established by Samuel G. Ramsey. A local newspaper reported on July 17^th, 1876 "Professor Murphy and family have returned to Ebenezer and are ready to commence the fall term of the Ebenezer Academy".

EBENEZER SCHOOL. Another unnamed school, operating in the local church at Ebenezer, shown on the 1895 Knox County map.

EBENEZER SCHOOL. An elementary school in the Ebenezer community, in operation until 1938, when the Blue Grass School opened. This was possibly the unnamed schools in this area shown on the 1895 Knox County map, that school being located about three quarters of a mile east of Ebenezer.

EBENEZER SCHOOL FOR NEGROES. A school for African American students, operated in the Ebenezer community, where William F. Yardley was the teacher. Yardley, an attorney, published local newspapers -- the Knoxville Examiner in 1878 and the Knoxville Bulletin in 1882. He ran for the office of Governor of Tennessee in 1876, and although he finished in distant fourth place in that race, thereafter local newspapers often referred to him as "Govnur" Yardley.

EDDINGTON/ EDDINGTON STATION. Southwest Knox County. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, west of Ebenezer, on the Southern Railway line.

EDDINGTON SCHOOL. South Knox County. A county school, shown on the 1895 Knox County map, near the Knoxville and Augusta Railroad, east of Maryville Pike and southwest of Jones Chapel.

EDEROL HEIGHTS. A residential section in East Knoxville. Along the south side of Woodbine, between Harrison and Milligan.

EDGEWOOD / EDGEWOOD HEIGHTS. The Edgewood Development Company developed residential sections in Knoxville in the late nineteenth century. The promoters of that company seemingly used little imagination when naming those sections, calling more than one development "Edgewood". That practice of using the same name obviously creates some confusion when one attempts today to determine which section of Knoxville was being referred to when local newspapers published articles in the nineteenth century concerning a place called "Edgewood". This Edgewood development was originally called Edgewood Heights, and was located in North Knoxville. An advertisement in the 1890 city directory promoted the site, advertised to have been "the highest point between the city and Sharp's Ridge", and including Barton, Washington Road, Freeman and Copeland Streets. It later included the section from Washington Pike to Edgewood Avenue, between Barton and Fairview, and by 1913 the streets shown in the city directory in the Edgewood community included Adair, Copeland Ave., Edgeview, Fairview, Rhode Island, and Whittle Springs Road. On Edgewood Avenue is what today is known as Edgewood Park, but long known as Chavannes Park. Local newspapers published accounts of happenings in the community, residents living in the Edgewood community were listed in the 1886 city directory, and Edgewood residents were later also listed in the 1894 Knoxville Blue Book.

EDGEWOOD. Anther community called Edgewood, developed by the same company, was located in East Knoxville, bordering Washington Avenue near the intersection with Cherry Street. The Edgewood Development Company also developed this community and also developed the adjoining area in East Knoxville, eastward between the railroad track, where the 1895 map of Knoxville shows the section east of this Edgewood community in East Knoxville was known as the Hazen Hill Addition. City directories in the 1920's show this community located in the area along Glenwood, between Spruce and Adams Streets, including Adams Street, Nichols Avenue eastward to Cherry, and a block beyond that street. It became an African American community and is cited by J. H. Daves in his "Study of the Colored Population of Knoxville", as a residential section of black residents in 1926. When the community name became obscured is not known, but by the middle twentieth century the original and larger Eastwood community in North Knoxville, listed above, was essentially the only Knoxville community still known as Edgewood.

EDGEWOOD PARK. North Knoxville. Long called Chavannes Park, this is a small recreational park in the Edgewood community in North Knoxville, on Edgewood Avenue. The land was donated to the city of Knoxville for use as a public park in 1909.

EDGEWOOD PARK. The fact that there was another Edgewood Park in Knoxville is evident from nineteenth century newspaper reports. In June, 1886, the Mabry Street Church held their annual picnic at that place, and that same year the German Sunday School held its annual "Waldfast" at Edgewood Park. Unfortunately, contemporary newspaper reporters of those activities assumed that everybody knew where the park was located, and neither those accounts, old Knoxville maps, nor any city directories seem to identify the exact site of this park. Of course, the fact that there were different developments called Edgewood makes the determination of the location of this Edgewood Park even more difficult. However, based on the available evidence, this park was obviously located somewhere in the East Knoxville community then called Edgewood. The park in the Edgewood community in North Knoxville, now called Edgewood Park, was not in existence until 1909, and for many years that park was known as Chavannes Park, not Edgewood Park.

EDGEWOOD SCHOOL. A school for African American children, on Krone Avenue, in North Knoxville, near where Fulton High School now stands. The school is mentioned in the Journal in 1895. An entertainment for the benefit of the Edgewood Sunday School was held at the Edgewood School house, on Broadway Pike, on September 29, 1899. It became a city school in 1917 ans was likely named the Edgewood School because of the nearby North Knoxville community of Edgewood.

EDGEWOOD SCHOOL. Another school was also called the Edgewood school. This was a school for white children. It is not known whether this school was located in the Edgewood community in East Knoxville, or in the North Knoxville community of the same name. In any event, in listing Knox County schools in the fall of 1895, the Journal mentions that both schools for colored students and a white school were named the Edgewood School.

EDISON THEATORIUM. The Edison was an early Knoxville movie theater and vaudeville house. The theater opened at 703 South Gay Street in 1907, on the west side of Gay, between Cumberland and Church. Apparently the name "Theatorium" was then considered sometimes synonymous with 'Theater' ... at least newspaper entertainment listings in 1907 list the Edison under the word 'Theatorium' instead of Theater. Live stage entertainment was presented here each Thursday night. The Edison was renamed the Marvel Theater later that same year. The name was again changed, to the Ole Bull Theater, capitalizing on the popularity of Ole Bull Jones, a violinist who performed between movies at the theater. The name of the theater was changed once again, to the Grand Theater, in 1910.

EDMONDSON. Northeast Knox County. Location unknown. The Edmondson post office existed from 1880 to 1882. The Postmaster was James C. Edmondson. The community is listed in the 1893 and 1900 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, where the location is described as being "four miles northeast of Knoxville".

ELLIOTT APARTMENT HOTEL / HOTEL. A hotel, at 201-207 West Clinch. In the 1930's, it was called the Jarvis Apartment Hotel. In the middle 1940's, it was called the Elliott Apartment Hotel, and by 1950 it is shown in directories as the Elliott Hotel.

J. ELLISTON BOWLING ALLEY. This bowling alley is listed in the 1929 city directory, located at 309 North Gay Street, in the block north of the Gay Street viaduct, between Depot and Magnolia. That address is on the west side of Gay Street, two doors from where the Rialto Theater had opened in 1927. The bowling alley is not listed after 1929 at this Gay Street address, but in 1937 the name of the bowling alley at Chilhowee Park was called Elliston's Bowling Alley, where it continued under that name at the park until 1941, when the name was changed to Smoky's Bowling Alley.

ELLISTOWN. East Knox County. In the Flat Creek section of east Knox County, south of Rutledge Pike, where the present Ellistown Pike intersects, just north of where the MacMillan's Station community once existed.

ELKS HALL. The hall in the Elks building on Main avenue, before the organization moved to the corner of Clinch avenue and State street. Local newspapers reported that an overflow crowd attended a holiday social held at Elks Hall on the night of December 28, 1896.

ELMWOOD / ELMWOOD ADDITION. East Knoxville. A residential addition. In the Park City section, from Bertrand north to Swan (now Washington Avenue), including Winona, East Fifth Avenue, and along both sides of Magnolia. That the name of the neighborhood was commonly known as Elmwood is found in a newspaper report in October, 1896, reporting that at fire had damaged the home of J. M. Greer, "in Elmwood" at 1619 Magnolia. The site of the playing field and picnic area at Chilhowee Park, south of Magnolia, was once called Elmwood Park (which see)

ELMWOOD ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. Location unknown. Original school register records for this school, from the 1930's, are at the Knox County Archives, but the school is not listed in city directories of that period. Possibly this school was in the above mentioned Elmwood community.

ELMWOOD PARK. East Knoxville. When Beaman's Lake was opened in 1887, the adjoining recreational area was called Beaman's Park. By 1888, the name of the area south of what later became Magnolia avenue had been changed to Elmwood Park, when a July 4^th celebration was held at this park. The name was chosen because of the proximity of the adjoining Elmwood community neighborhood, along both sides of Magnolia. The first annual Field Day for University of Tennessee students was held at Elmwood Park on April 12^th, 1889. By July 4^th, 1889, this was a primary place of that celebration, when the editorial in the Knoxville Chronicle encouraged all Knoxville residents turn out to celebrate the holiday at Elmwood Park, when the dummy line ran two trains to the site. The following day, local papers reported that a large crowd had been in attendance "at Beaman's Lake and Elmwood Park." A baseball game by S. B. Newman's and a team from the Journal was played at the park on September 2^nd, 1889. Among other activities, on October 22^nd, 1889, in connection with the downtown Trades Display Week, including a Military Ball held at the Elmwood Pavilion, and baseball game played by the Knoxville Reds. The baseball field was located in the southern section of the park, bordering Rutledge Pike, later McCalla Avenue, and Magnolia on the north. By 1890, the name of the lake had been changed to Lake Ottosee, and in May that year Knoxville's first electric streetcar made the trip from Main Street to Elmwood Park. There was obviously a separation between Lake Ottosee and Elmwood Park, by what later became an extension of Magnolia Avenue. Newspaper accounts in 1890 reported that two simultaneous July 4^th celebrations were held on that same day, one for the white population at Lake Ottosee, and the other in the adjoining section, at " Elmwood Park ... where the colored people had a friendly slugging match and picnic, closing with a nighttime dance." Two of the musical concerts of the 1892 "June Festival" were held at Elmwood Park, and baseball games and outdoor concerts took place at the site. By the middle 1890's, there were two electric lines of running to Lake Ottosee. The Lake Ottosee line ran from Hardee and Morgan Streets to Lake Ottosee, and the Elmwood Dummy Line left downtown from the same location, but took a different southern route to Elmwood Park and Lake Ottosee. Park Avenue (Magnolia) then terminated at the western end of the park and lake area and did not continue eastward beyond Lake Avenue. Rutledge Pike, on the south side, did continue eastward along the southern portion of Elmwood Park, later the site of the midway during the annual East Tennessee A & I Fairs. By the early twentieth century -- and, save a few years in the late 1920's an early 1930's, when it was known as Sterchi Park -- the entire park became known as Chilhowee Park. Writing in the Knoxville Journal's "Century of Progress" edition of August 27^th, 1939, Barney Ballard wrote that Elmwood Park was once the name of Chilhowee Park, but as described here, Elmwood Park actually was the section located between McCalla and Magnolia, when the larger section was called Lake Ottosee.

EMBASSY SUPPER CLUB. A night club, with nightly entertainment and dancing, located on Clinton Highway, near the Anderson County line.

EMORILAND ADDITION. North Knoxville. The name of a residential addition between Fairmont Blvd. and Emoriland Blvd.

EMORY PARK. At the north end of North Gay Street. The location of what was once known as the Central Market, or City Market (which see). The city acquired the property in 1894, and the name was changed to Emory Park in 1906.

EMPIRE HOTEL. At 317 West Depot Street, from 1925 until after 1950. Earlier names for the hotel at this address were Central Hotel, Southern Hotel, and Fraley Hotel.

EMPIRE THEATER. A movie theater, opened in 1910 at the site of what had been the Columbia Theater, at 609 South Gay Street, in the block between Clinch and Church. The Empire Theater closed the following year.

EPIPHANY CHURCH. A church where public entertainment was sometimes held. A farce comedy, A Box of Monkeys, performed by local actors, played to a large crowd at the Epiphany Church on December 29, 1898.

EPPSVILLE. East Knox County. The early name of a community in the Skaggston section. A post office operated briefly here in 1826, the Postmaster being Edward Eppes or Epps. The Eppes family was one of the earliest living in that area.

ERIN / ERIN STATION. West Knoxville. Sometimes referred to as the earlier name for what became the Bearden community. Erin was the name of a railroad station in the Crippen (originally known as Cooper) community. The 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer lists the Crippen community, indicating that the local railroad station in the area was called Erin, but for the Erin community that directory notes "see Crippen". The railroad station was still called Erin in 1886, according to that year's Knoxville city directory. Bearden eventually become the name of the entire community, but ten years following the establishment of the Bearden post office, both Erin and Bearden are still separately listed as Knox County communities in the Rand McNally Railroad Guide.

ESPERANDIEU. Maps from the 1870's show Esperandieu as the name for the area that bordered what was then the Mechanicsville community, in the section north from Clinton Road (Western Avenue) to Wallace Street, being in the area four or five blocks to the north, and west between Pearson street, just west of Deaderick Avenue, to University Avenue (University avenue itself was earlier called Esperandieu.) At that time, Emile F. Esperandieu was a jeweler in the city, in the Central House building, near the northeast corner of Gay and Clinch. Others in the Esperandieu family were living in Knoxville, including Adele E., a teacher at the Female Institute, and Frederick Jr. and Sr., both Professors at the East Tennessee University. A notice in the Press and Herald on November 11, 1871, announced that the partnership of E. F. Esperandieu and A. G. Chesney was dissolved, the firm continuing under the same name as E. F. Esperandieu and Company, with E .F. and F. S. Esperandieu becoming the principals. While not verified, it seems likely that this family -- the only such family name found in contemporary city directories -- had acquired this property in Mechanicsville, probably for the purpose of a residential development. Knoxville College opened, west of Esperandieu, in 1875, and the Esperandieu development was apparently eventually abandoned, although it is still shown on a Knoxville map in the 1887 Knoxville city directory. One interesting question is why the street in this area was later named University avenue. It is not near the University of Tennessee, and Knoxville College has never been known as a university. The author's guess (but merely conjecture) is that the street was so named since the University of Tennessee's Experimental Farm was originally located beyond the southwestern end of University Avenue, between the railroad tracks, along Papermill Road and Sutherland Avenue.

EVANS COLLINS FIELD. A city-owned football stadium, with a cinder track surrounding the football field. The school board had earlier purchased a nineteen acre tract for a school and athletic plant. Park Junior High School was built, but the athletic facility was not constructed until later. The city then built the football stadium and softball fields, completed in 1939. The stadium was named Evans Collins stadium, and the softball facilities were named Winona Park. Until after 1950, Evans Collins was the only such facility in the city, and it was not only often used but perhaps overused. It was the home field for games played by the Knoxville High School Trojans, and other schools also used the facility for football games and track events, including Austin High School, and sometimes Rule High School and Stair Tech. In addition, the facility was used by Park Junior High school and occasionally by Christenberry Junior high school. As early as August, 1940, Evans Collins was the site of entertainment, when the city's first outdoor opera, Carmen, performed by the National Opera Company. Then, just to be sure the sod was pretty well torn up at all times, such events as the Water Follies and carnivals were held at the site. It also was the home field for games played by Knoxville's short-lived professional football team, the "Rebels," in 1949.

EVERETT'S GROVE. North Knox County, in the Graveston community. In June, 1891, Masonic Festival exercises were held at Graveston celebrating St John's Day, when local newspapers reported they were held at Everett's Grove.

FAHNESTOCK HILL. East Knoxville. The old name for the area north of the present Civic Auditorium, near the Town View Apartments, around the site of the Green School. Also known as Reservoir Hill.

FAIH. Location unknown. The Faih post office operated briefly in Knox County (February 8^th to June 16^th, 1900). The Postmaster was John A. Ford.

FAIR AND ROBERTS ADDITION. A residential addition, in North Knoxville. In the section north of Grainger Street, between Fourth Avenue and Luttrell Street.

FAIR GARDEN SCHOOL. A city school, listed on Rutledge Pike in the city directory for 1911. A new school was built at 400 Fern Street in 1927 and the Fair Garden School moved to that address.

FAIR GROUNDS, OLD. East Knoxville. Knoxville's original fair grounds were located east of a building that then was known then as the "brick store", and extended south from McCalla to South Cherry Street, between Cherry and Olive streets, east of the Five Points section in East Knoxville, including the section originally known as Shieldstown. In 1854, Knoxville's first fair was held at the site, as were later fairs from 1870 through 1874, and another in 1879.

FAIR GROUNDS, NEW. South Knoxville. (See Knoxville Fair Grounds)

FAIRMONT PARK ADDITION. North Knoxville. A residential addition, from Fairmont Boulevard to the north, and from Orlando Street east to the Emoriland subdivision, south of Fairmont Blvd. to Edgewood, from Bellvue Avenue west to Barton.

FAIRVIEW ADDITION. (See Moses Fairview Addition).

FAIRVIEW GARDEN. Located at 125 Gay street, a beer parlor operated by Charles Kohlhase. Sometimes a place of public gatherings, an example being on November 5^th, 1877, when a concert by the German Military Band was performed at Fairview Garden.

FAIRVIEW SCHOOL. One of three different Knox County schools called the Fairview School in the nineteenth century. This one was school for African American children, located at 1624 Dora Street. The school opened in 1883. While I find nothing specific concerning the origin of the school name, it may have been so named since the school was located in what had originally been known as the Moses Fairview Addition section, where John Moses had deeded the land to some local colored men. A new school building was built and opened in the area on Clinton Street (now College Street) in 1897, where at the new location the name of the Fairview School was changed to the Horace Maynard School.

FAIRVIEW SCHOOL. A county school, shown on the 1895 Knox County map, in southwest Knox County, east of the Blue Grass community.

FAIRVIEW SCHOOL. Another county school called the Fairview School, also shown on the Knox County map, located just southwest of the Treeville community.

FAIRWAY HOTEL. 301 North Gay Street. The name of the hotel at the northwest corner of Depot, from the late 1940's until after 1950. The previous name had been the Central Hotel. The building was condemned and demolished in 1963.

FAMILY DRIVE-IN THEATER. A drive-in movie theater, opened in 1950 on the east side of Broadway, at Marietta street.

FANCY HILL SCHOOL. North Knox County. East of Beverly and southwest of Ritta, shown on the 1895 Knox County map. The school reportedly closed when it and other area schools were replaced by the Ritta School in 1905.

FARRAGUT. West Knox County. Including what originally was known as Campbell's Station. Named for Admiral David Farragut, who was actually born at Lowes Ferry when his family lived in Knox County in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The 1895 map still shows Campbell's Station and does not yet show the Farragut community.

FARRAGUT HIGH SCHOOL. The high school in the Farragut community. Originally opened in 1904. Although some references mention that this was Knox County's first high school, other local institutions were also known as "high schools" in earlier years, including such schools as Heiskell, Powell Station and the Union school, where usually all grade levels from the first grade through high school -- then the ninth or tenth grade -- were taught in the same building. Farragut High School initially was a school designed for teaching basic elementary skills and such things as farming and agricultural instruction. In Knox County, outside the city limits, the first public high school to provide students with a comprehensive educational background was Central. The graduating class at Farragut in1913 included ten girls and six boys.

FARRAGUT HOTEL. At the northeast corner of Gay and Clinch. The Farragut Hotel opened in February, 1919, in a new building constructed at the site of the what had been the Imperial Hotel, destroyed by fire in 1916. Earlier, this had been the site of the Hattie House hotel, originally built in 1880. This is said to have been the original site of the home of Judge John Crozier, but when the Hattie House was built newspapers mention only that an "old brick buildings" had been torn down. For many years in the twentieth century the Farragut corner was long the downtown "hot spot" on football weekends, when supporters of out of town teams often stayed at the hotel, and where pedestrians could barely make their way through the multitude of fans and ticket scalpers who congregated at the northeast corner of Gay and Clinch in front of the Farragut Hotel on Tennessee home game Saturdays.

FAY APARTMENT HOTEL. 620 West Hill Avenue. An apartment house listed in city directories of the late 1930's

FEMALE INSTITUTE. See Knoxville Female Academy / Institute.

FENTON HEIGHTS. North Knoxville. On the west side of Central Avenue Pike, north from the Cedar Lane and Merchants Drive intersection. A sub-division of homes established around 1940.

FERLEIGH SCHOOL. A private school, listed in the city directory for the years 1906 through 1915. Located at 308 East Fifth Avenue. Earlier this was called Miss Lee's School. The 1906 directory listing as the Ferlee School was apparently a misprint.

FIFTH AVENUE PARK. Another name by which Alexander Park (which see) was also sometimes known.

FINLEY HOTEL. The name of the hotel at 723 Asylum Street (Western Avenue) in 1916 and 1917. This was the L. & N. Hotel site, which was the name of the hotel at this address from the early twentieth century at least until the late 1940's, except for the brief period when the name was changed to the Finley Hotel.

THE FIRESIDE. A night club, located on Chapman Highway in 1942.

FIRST LUTHERAN SCHOOL. A private parochial school, at 505 West Fifth Avenue.

FIRST METHODIST CHURCH. Examples of the public entertainments and meetings held at this church included a concert by the Mozart Symphony Club on December 21, 1898, the first of several attractions in a new Lyceum series ; and meetings of the annual Tennessee State Sunday School Convention, held in Knoxville in February, 1899.

FIVE POINTS. East Knoxville. The area around the intersection of Vine and McCalla Avenue, at Ben Hur and Olive Streets. The community name dates back many years. The Five Points section is mentioned in an article by Robert Boyd in the Knoxville Journal in 1936, where he states that in his childhood the Knoxville Reds baseball team played for the state championship "at the old fair grounds, located near Five Points and the present Chestnut Street". In the early twentieth century, the section at the eastern edge of what had been the original fair grounds had become a baseball field known as Brewers Park, and that was the field referred to by Boyd. At one time, there were many local businesses along McCalla in the Five Points area. In fact, by 1947, several local area merchants had incorporated the community name in their business names, when businesses that year in Five Points included the Five Points Shoe Store, Five Points Barber Shop, Five Points Furniture Store, Five Points Service Station, and Brown's Five Points Drug Store. The existence of those and other businesses in Five Points in those days confirms modern reports mentioning that the Five Points area was once a thriving business area. The business firms in the Five Points were owned and operated by white people, and the listings in the 1947 city directory reveals that the McCalla avenue residential section in Five Points at that time was primarily a white community.

FIVE POINTS. In the nineteenth century, another area, in North Knoxville, was called Five Points. It is mentioned in the Journal on January 7, 1895, referring to a section that was "so called from the convergence of five streets, where the Luttrell Street Methodist Church is located." Luttrell Street is bordered by Deery and Eleanor streets, and those streets converge at Lovenia, where the church was located. What looks on old Knoxville maps to be merely an alleyway, between Eleanor and Luttrell, was perhaps the fifth 'street' that converged in the area, that resulted in referring to this section as "Five Points".

FLAG POLE HILL. North Knoxville. A name dating from Civil War times, although I have not determined the exact reason for the name, other than evidence that the Confederate flag was once flown here. During the Civil War, three batteries of Confederate soldiers were stationed atop the hill running north from around what later was the site of Knoxville College to Dameron Street, and the ridge was called Flag Pole Hill. Since the hill increases in height from what is now Western Avenue, and because some persons who grew up in that general area have mentioned to the author that they had long heard of "Flag Pole Hill" as being at the northern end of that eminence, that probably was the location. But then again, it may have been the entire hill northward from the area where Knoxville College is located that was called Flag Pole Hill.

FLAG POND. The name by which the section at the northern end of South Gay Street, was once known in the nineteenth century. The area became flooded during heavy rains, creating unsanitary conditions and health concerns as the source of diseases.

FLAMINGO CLUB. A Night club, for African Americans, located at 330 Texas Avenue in 1948.

FLANDERS HOTEL. John C. Flanders took over the operation of the New Schubert Hotel, at the northwest corner of Gay Street and Cumberland, and changed the name to the Flanders Hotel, in 1897. Flanders earlier was the operator of the Central House when it opened in 1876, then became the operator of the Hattie House, at the corner of Gay and Clinch and next door to the Central House, when that hotel was completed in 1880. Flanders also purchased and operated the Palace Hotel, at the corner of State and Commerce. On August 6^th, 1894, Flanders' advertisement appeared in the Press and Herald promoting an Anderson County resort in Coal Creek (Lake City,) described as a hotel located in a "majestic grove".

FLANDER'S RACE TRACK / FIELD / FARM. Flanders Race Track, the site of horse racing activities in Knoxville, was located on the south side of what now is Western Avenue, west and slightly south of the western edge of the New Gray Cemetery, near today's intersection of Sanderson Road and Western Avenue. At that time, the section of what today is Western Avenue, west of the intersection at Pleasant Ridge road, was called Ball Camp Pike. In the opposite direction, from that point eastward to the city, it was called the Clinton Road. The track was an enterprise of John C. Flanders, the operator of several downtown hotels. The track was laid out in late 1889, where a large grandstand had been completed at the site by November 1^st, 1889. A detailed description of the track and grounds was reported in the Tribune on that date. The first races were held at the track on November 13^th and 14^th, 1889. Races were again held at the site the following year. When the Journal reported the upcoming races in October, 1890, under the auspices of the Knoxville Driving Association, the site was called "Flander's Farm", and that article mentions that the amphitheater was in place at the site, and a large lunch tent would also be raised. That article and those on the following days reporting daily race results verify that these were primarily racing events, although some earlier articles suggested it was also considered to be a "Fair". By the middle 1890's, the site of racing activities in Knoxville had shifted to the race track south of the river, then later races were held at the new race track east of Chilhowee Park, established by the East Tennessee Fair Association. However, Flanders Track continued to sometimes be the site of horse racing events, as a large headline in the Journal on February 14^th, 1897, announced that races would be held at the track that afternoon. The site was still in existence as late as 1920, used then for sporting events. For example, that year the University of Tennessee's annual Field Day was held at the Flanders site. When the original edition of Knox-Stalgia was printed, I had been unsuccessful in determining the site of Flanders track, and my guess was incorrect as to its possible location. But I take some consolation in the realization that nearly a century ago those who contributed to writing the History of the National Conservation Exposition, describing that 1913 exposition in Knoxville, already seemingly knew little about the history of Flanders Park, even though the track was then still in existence, since that book mentions that the site of Knoxville's Fairs had shifted from the Old Fair Grounds to the Flanders Track " in the early 1880's'. Actually, Knoxville's early 1880's Fairs were held at the new South Knoxville track and fair grounds, and Flanders Track was not in existence until 1889.

FLAT CREEK. East Knox County. A very early community, where, according to the Goodspeed History of Tennessee, the earliest Baptist congregation in Knox County was established, in 1796. Flat Creek is listed as a Knox County community more than a century later, in the 1914 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, in the Mascot section, with mail c/o the Mascot post office.

FLAT WOODS. East Knoxville. Listed as a community in the 1893 and Rand McNally Railroad Guide, with mail c/o the High Point post office. The location is not known, but the community was obviously in the East Knox County area.

FLATWOODS. North Knoxville. The early name of a section in North Knoxville, where the residential Oakwood community was later developed.

FLENNIKEN. South Knox County. A community east of Maryville Pike, just east of Tipton Station. A post office was established at Flenniken in December, 1881. The first Postmaster was Martha E. Berry. The post office operated until 1902. The community is still listed in the 1914 Rand McNally Railroad Guide.

FLENNIKEN SCHOOL. South Knoxville. This school dates from the middle nineteenth century. It became a Knox County school in 1888. Later it became a city school in 1917, and a new school building was constructed in 1919, on Flenniken Avenue.

FLINT GAP. Southeast Knox County. The Flint Gap post office operated from 1850 to 1859, at which time the name of the facility was changed to Vine Dale. The 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer indicates that Flint Gap was also known as Gap Creek. That reference perhaps was correct in 1881, but postal records indicate that the Gap Creek post office was in existence continuously from 1838 to 1907, including the ten year period when a separate post office also was in existence at Flint Gap.

FLINT HILL. East Knoxville. A community in the area where a Civil War fortification of the same name was located. The current historical market locates this west of Fort Hill (Riverside Drive and McCammon Avenue area). This was also in the area of an early addition to the city, known as Mabry's Flint Hill Addition. Shown on maps of the period from Swan Avenue east to McCammon, from Front and back to McCammon.

FLINT HILL SCHOOL. A school, located in the above community of the same name. A local newspaper article in October, 1912, reported that a box supper was held in the Flint Hill community, "at the Flint Hill Schoolhouse".

FLOYD'S / FLOID'S. North Knox County. The original name of this community was Sawyer's Station. The name was changed to Floyd's, and when a post office was established it was first named Floid's, then changed to Floyd's within a month after it was established. The post office existed only in 1890 and 1891, when a sizeable portion of land in the area was purchased by Woodbury Corryton, who renamed the area Corryton, and the name of the post office was changed to Corryton in 1891.

FORBES NEW SELECT SCHOOL. Mentioned in the Register on March 16^th. 1836, "the New Select School, opened by Rev. Mr. Forbes, of the Episcopal Church."

FLORIDA STREET SHOW GROUNDS. I have been unable to determine precisely where on Florida Street these grounds were located. The Journal reported on October 9^th, 1892 that Professor Gentry's Equine and Canine Paradox would be held for three nights, beginning on October 10^th, 1892, "in a large tent on the Florida Street Show Grounds". Gentry's show was a regular annual production for several years in Knoxville, and by the twentieth century newspaper advertisements publicized the shows as a "Dog and Pony Show". That term is of course still used today, to describe unwanted or annoying presentations, but those earlier newspaper accounts represent my first encounter with the original term, an "Equine and Canine Paradox". Other sites for tented entertainment activities were located in this general area of the Florida Street Grounds in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the section east of Central, near the Cripple Creek District, including the Bell Avenue Grounds, Jackson Avenue Grounds, Depot Street Grounds, and Mabry Hill.

FORD. South Knox County. The 1895 Knox County map shows Ford in the general area of what is now Moody Avenue and Southwood. A post office existed in Ford from 1890 to 1901. Besides the Ford's School, the Zion's School was in the general area, two miles to the south. Ford is listed in the Rand McNally Railroad Guide from 1893 to 1923, the later edition indicating that mail to Ford at that time was c/o the Vestal post office.

FORD HOTEL. 311½ North Gay Street. This was the name of the hotel at this address in the 1940's. In the 1930's, it was called the Savoy Hotel. The location was across the street from the Atkin and Watauga hotels. More often than not, "one-half" in the address meant a place that was located on the second floor, or upper story.

FORD SCHOOL. A school located in the Ford community in South Knoxville, shown on the 1895 Knox County map.

FOREST HEIGHTS. A community developed in the 1930's adjacent to the Forest Hills area (see below), where eventually the entire section became known as Forest Heights.

FOREST HILL SCHOOL. A Knox County school, listed in a school report in the Journal on September 14^th, 1871. Located in the Second District, two miles north of town. Miss Kate Baird was the teacher and thirteen students were enrolled that year.

FOREST HILLS. West Knoxville. A community of homes, the entrance at Sutherland Avenue and Forest Park Boulevard. Developed in the 1920's. The adjoining Highland Hills was also developed in the thirties. Eventually the entire section was often known as Forest Heights.

FOREST HILLS INN. A night club, located in the late 1940's on Kingston Pike, near the entrance to Forest Hills. .

FORESTDALE. North Knoxville. Listed as a suburban community in the city directories of the early twentieth century, but the community dates from the nineteenth century. Area churches have included the Forestdale United Brethren Church on Fairview Avenue and the Forestdale Baptist Church is on Forestdale Road. The residential Forestdale Addition was east of Whittle Springs Road, between Boright and Forestdale. Some references suggest Forestdale originally included the section east of Broadway along Coker Avenue, but city ward maps show the street was named from a residential development called the Coker Addition, and in 1910 the city directory shows Forestdale with a population of only seventeen residents.

FORESTDALE SCHOOL. North Knoxville. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, north of Washington Pike.

FORK OF RIVER. East Knox County. The fork in what today is Fort Loudon Lake, forming the French Broad and the Holston rivers.

FORT BYINGTON. A Civil War fort, occupied by the Federal forces at the site of the original hill at the University of Tennessee campus.

FORT COMSTOCK. A Confederate Civil War fort, at a site on Vine Avenue, located at Locust, north of Gay Street.

FORT DICKERSON. South Knoxville. A Civil War fort, atop the hill south of the Henley Street bridge, on the western side of Chapman Highway.

FORT HIGLEY. South Knoxville. A Civil War fort, west of Fort Dickerson. Later in the nineteenth century Luttrell Park was located in the area.

FORT HILL. South Knoxville. A Confederate Civil War fort, east of Fort Stanley, at a location known also as Sevierville Hill.

FORT HILL. East Knoxville. Another place named Fort Hill. This was a Federal military fort during the Civil War, located at the eastern end of Mabry's Hill, north of Dandridge Avenue. Trenches during the war ran south from here through what later became the Mount Isabella residential section, to the river.

FORT HUNTINGTON SMITH. East Knoxville. A Civil War fort, located at the Green School site, on Payne Avenue.

FORT LOUDON. West Knoxville. This Civil War fort, originally called Fort Loudon, was renamed Fort Sanders, for General William Sanders, a few days after he died from being shot on November 18, 1863.

FORT SANDERS. West Knoxville. The name of the Civil War fort originally called Fort Loudon (see above). The fort was in the community West Knoxville, or West End. In the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, social activities and public gatherings were sometimes held at the site. In 1888, a Fourth of July fireworks displays were held at Fort Sanders Hill, provided by prominent area residents Mr. Cowan, and Col. W. W. Woodruff. In October, 1890, a huge tent was erected on Fort Sanders, and a large amphitheater was constructed on the north side of Clinch, just opposite White street, to accommodate the crowd in attendance to watch a fireworks display, in connection with a reunion of Confederate and Union soldiers. In the late nineteenth century, there was a proposal afoot to create a park and a memorial at the site of Fort Sanders, but the project never materialized. Apparently it could easily have been done at the time, since William Rule, in the Standard History of Knoxville (1900), mentions that at that time, other than a for the few houses near the original fort itself, the entire section to the west and north of the site of Fort Sanders was "undisturbed land". The site was still then the site of local social activity, such as a report of an ice cream social at the site of the fort on July 10^th, 1900, held by members of the Highland Avenue M.E. Church. Although in later times some places in the area assumed the name of the Civil War fort, including the hospital built near the fort site, the area school named Fort Sanders, the Fort Sanders church, and where the name of what is now Seventeenth Street was once called Fort Sanders, the name is not shown as a community on old maps, and it has only been in relatively modern times that this community has become known as Fort Sanders. Reviewing writings and publications during the period from the early twentieth century until some years after 1950, and from statements from persons who lived and/or worked in this section, including at the University of Tennessee, it seems apparent that until perhaps the 1960's or so, few people referred to the residential area as "Fort Sanders". Instead, the section then continued to be known as West Knoxville. An example is found in a local newspaper article in the late 1940's, reporting that the Knoxville City Council had been asked by representatives of the community to provide a branch library for the area, calling it "a needed service for West Knoxville", not Fort Sanders.

FORT SANDERS PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Public entertainment was sometimes held at this church. An example was a musical concert a Mrs. John Lamar Meek gave at Fort Sanders Presbyterian Church on October 24, 1899.

FORT STANLEY. South Knoxville. A Civil War fort, east of Fort Dickerson.

FORT SUMPTER SCHOOL. North Knox County. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, west of the Preston community and north of Pedigo.

FOUNTAIN CITY. North Knoxville. This community was originally settled in the eighteenth century, before Tennessee Statehood. The earliest name for the area was Adair's Fort, then later it became known as Fountain Head (which see), then later included the adjoining community of Adair's Creek. The name was changed to Fountain City when the community post office opened in 1890, since it was discovered that a "Fountain Head" post office had already long existed in Sumner County. The Holbrook Normal College was built and opened in 1893, and operated in Fountain City until the early twentieth century, when the name had been changed to Tennessee College. The school property was purchased by the county and became the site of Central High School in 1906. Fountain Head was long a popular resort area, where the Fountain Head Hotel operated from 1886 (the name was later changed to the Fountain City Hotel). The Fountain Head railroad, ran from a depot near the Central Market (now Emory Park), at the corner of Broad and Holston (Now Tyson) to Fountain City. The fare was a nickel to Arlington and a dime to Fountain City, the trip to Fountain City taking around twenty-five minutes. After the name was changed to Fountain City, the steam line continued to be called the Fountain Head Dummy Line. The Knoxville Blue Book of 1894 lists seventy residents in Fountain City. In the autumn of 1907, promotional ads for lots in the Fountain City residential section appeared in the Journal and Tribune, with 50 x 140 foot lots available for seventy-five dollars each. The population of Fountain City in 1914 was two hundred. By the 1940's, there were many businesses in Fountain City -- forty on Broadway alone. Among those were the Palace Movie Theater and adjoining Palace Skating Rink, three grocery stores, dentists, a drug store, a bank, two service stations, and three eateries. Fountain City was annexed into the city in 1962. Locally owned businesses continue in business in Fountain City today, although the area now includes chain stores, chain restaurants, and strip malls.

FOUNTAIN CITY BASEBALL PARK. A baseball park, officially opened on June 14^th, 1894, when the Knoxville Reds entertained Chattanooga in the first game of a three game series. The Journal reported on May 21^st, 1894 "the grandstand, fences, etc. are being removed from the old ball park to the new site on the Fountain City railroad". The "old" park was the Asylum Street grounds, later called Baldwin Park. On June 1^st, 1894, the Journal reported that the new park was completed, with the exception of roofing the grandstand. It was called the Fountain City Baseball Park, although the Tribune verified that the park was actually located "at Smithwood, near Fountain City". Six to eight hundred people attended that initial game, although attendance quickly dropped off. The Tribune earlier had mentioned that some residents had taken the Fountain City Dummy Line trip earlier in the week in order to determine the exact location of the new field. Neither the Tribune nor the Journal mentions the exact location of the field, although the Journal notes that the field was located "within a few feet of the dummy line." Newspapers also mentioned that people who were going to attend the Drummer's Picnic at Fountain City Park would not be charged an additional amount to ride the dummy line from the picnic grounds to the baseball park. The Journal reported, following the second game of the Chattanooga series, that the park was "close to town, so far as reaching it is concerned, the runs yesterday (i.e., from the passenger station at Broadway and Holston (Tyson) Streets) "being made in some fifteen to twenty minutes." In what obviously was a misprint, on May 24^th, 1894, that same newspaper earlier mentioned that the new park was located only "a four minute ride from the dummy depot at the corner of Broad and Holston streets". Besides being the home field for the Indians baseball team, the field was the site of a football game between the Knoxville Athletic Club and Maryville on November 3, 1893. Local fans complained about the distance to the park in Smithwood in 1894, and their reluctance was evident when a game played at the park by the Pittsburgh Pirates professional baseball team drew less that 150 fans on April 10, 1895. The Knoxville baseball team then returned to play their home games at the old Asylum street location, the name of that field changed to Baldwin Park, and changed their name from the Reds to the Indians. The Indians did return to play one game at the Fountain City field in 1895, as part of a doubleheader when the first game was played at Baldwin park. In 1896, the Indians also played some practice games at the Fountain City baseball park. The park became one of two sites where baseball games were played in the new City League (the other site was at Elmwood Park). I have been unable to determine precisely where the baseball park in Smithwood was located, but it may have been the same field where Central High School's early twentieth century home football games were played, that school's early yearbooks reporting that those games were played at a field in Smithwood.

FOUNTAIN CITY PARK / LAKE. Earlier called Fountain Head Park, the Fountain City Park was the site of many public gatherings, including picnics and holiday celebrations. It was apparently in the same area that existed as early as the 1820's, when it was known as the Fountain Head Camp Grounds. Later, the Fountain Head Hotel operated nearby, and this was a popular resort area, where many picnics and holiday celebrations were held. One example was in 1892, when following a parade that began at Main Street and continued down Gay Street to the Fountain City Dummy Line station at Broad and Holston, when the city's Labor Day celebration was held at Fountain City Park. July 4^th celebrations were held at the park from 1892 until as late as 1907. The Fountain City lake adjoins the park, in more modern times sometimes referred to as the duck pond (although NOT by Fountain City residents, who usually seem to dislike that designation). The lake is more than a century old, created on July 1, 1894, when large crowds gathered to watch as the excavated springs were enlarged to create the new lake.

FOUNTAIN CITY SCHOOL. Opened around 1902. The school first operated in a hall, then in a church, before being located in a newly constructed building, around 1916, as an annex to Central High School. A new school building was built in 1931.

FOUNTAIN HEAD. North Knoxville. The original name for Fountain City (which see.) Today, the Fountain City community is in what was the originally the larger Adair's Fort section, and includes what for at least twenty years or so was a separate community known as Adair's Creek.

FOUNTAIN HEAD HOTEL / FOUNTAIN CITY HOTEL. In Fountain Head (later Fountain City), originally called the Fountain Head Hotel, by the early 1890's the hotel name had been changed to the Fountain City Hotel. It was located southeast of the Holbrook Normal College and once was partially used as dormitories for students of that school. An advertisement in the Journal in July, 1887, showing the hack schedule to the hotel from Knoxville, claims the hotel maintained the "best table fare in Tennessee", and reveals that daily hotel rates were two dollars, or thirty to forty dollars on a monthly basis.

FOURTH AVENUE PLAYING FIELD. Your guess is as good a mine where this field was located, aside from the fact that it obviously was somewhere on Fourth Avenue. The information comes from the Journal and Tribune on February 23^rd, 1913, where it was reported " the Fourth Avenue baseball team defeated Glenwood by the score of six to five", that game having been played "on the diamond of the former" (i.e, at the Fourth Avenue field.)

FOWLER. North Knox County. The Fowler post office operated from 1890 to 1902. The first Postmaster was Carson O. Fowler. After the office closed, mail to Fowler was c/o Powell Station, thus the community was located somewhere near the Powell Station section. The Fowler community is still listed in the 1914 Rand McNally Railroad Guide.

FRAKER'S SCHOOL. A school in northeast Knox County. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, east of Corryton and northeast of House Mountain.

FRALEY HOUSE. This was the name of the hotel 317 West Depot Street from around 1913 to the early 1920's. Earlier it had been the Central Hotel, then was called the Southern Hotel. Later, it was called the Empire Hotel. The hotel was on the north side of Depot, between Central and Gay, where other hotels were also located, across the street from the Southern Railway passenger depot.

FRANKLIN. A community of black residents in the city, cited by J. H. Daves in his 1926 Study of the Colored Population of Knoxville. Daves does not mention the specific location, and originally after some initial research and inquiring about the location without finding where this community was located, I finally found the information in the 1917 city directory. That directory lists the Franklin community in the area "southwest from Asylum Street (Western Avenue), between Webster and Harvey." Webster was two blocks southwest of Western Avenue, and Harvey was an adjoining street. The 1917 city directory shows that all but one of the twenty families living on Webster were white residents, and all seven families living on Harvey street were African Americans, thus in 1926 apparently the Franklin community described by Daves in the section along that street, in what then was known as McAnally Flats.

FRANKLIN HOUSE. A hotel, in the nineteenth century. Located on Main Street, "opposite the Court House, between Prince Street (now Market Street) and Gay Street". The hotel was on the south side of Main Street, on the same side of the street where the court house is now located. At that time, the Court House was across the street, on the north side of Main, before the new Court House on the opposite side of the street was built in 1885. The Franklin House was sometimes a site of public entertainment in Knoxville, an example being a performance by the "Hernandez Troop" at the Franklin House, on December 12^th, 1867. The Press and Herald reported on July 13^th, 1874, that F. A. Butler has just leased the Franklin House and that it was now "opened for business", apparently an indication that the hotel had closed for a period of time. The name was later changed to the Mansion House.

FRAZIER BEND. South Knox County. A late eighteenth century community in Knox County, located in the vicinity of the intersection of the present Kodak Road and Frazier Road.

FREEDMAN'S SCHOOL. A Freedman's School was in operation in Knoxville following the Civil War. The Freedman's School initially operated in a building that was located at the site where the first building of Knoxville College was later built in 1875.

FRENCH. South Knox County. French is shown on the 1895 Knox County map in the area around where the present Mount Vista Drive and Martin Mill Pike are located. The community was originally called High Bluff. The French post office was discontinued in 1902. Mail thereafter was c/o the Bank post office, in Blount County. The school in the French community was called the Stock Creek School, likely the same school shown below as the French School.

FRENCH SCHOOL. An unnamed school shown on the 1895 Knox County map, the nearest community to the school being French, about a mile to the south.

MRS. LUCY CROZIER FRENCH SCHOOL. This school was in operation from 1885 to 1889. An advertisement for Mrs. French's school appears in the December 24^th, 1888 issue of the Journal. The school was called "Mrs. French's Home and Day School, and School of Elocution", and operated in the East Tennessee Female Institute building. Mrs. French, the daughter of attorney John H. Crozier, was active in the women's affairs and the suffrage movement locally, and also founded the local Ossoli Circle.

FRIENDLY TOWN. See Tenderloin district.

FROG LEVEL. North Knoxville. The name commonly used by local residents for the community located at the base of West Inskip Road, at the bottom of the hill eastward from Clinton Highway, and west of Central Avenue Pike, including the section where the Inskip ball park is located today.

FROLICS INN. A night club, located two miles north of Fountain City in the 1940's

G. A. R. HALL. The meeting hall of the Grand Army of the Republic, located at Number 4 Market Square in 1888.

GALBRAITH SCHOOL. A county elementary school, on Galbraith School Road.

GALLAHER'S. The Gallaher's post office operated from 1854 to 1856. The Postmaster was Robert W. Harden. Much later maps show a Gallaher section in the area around Gallaher View Road and Gleason Road. If this was in fact the original location of the Gallaher community, there is probably no way today to pinpoint the location of the original site, now covered with condominiums.

GALLOW'S HILL. For some years in the nineteenth century, Gallows Hill was the name by which area residents referred to the place also known as Summit Hill. The infamous designation came about when a man who was convicted of murder was hanged at the site. A few years ago the downtown area was revamped, virtually all of what had been Commerce Avenue was eliminated, and a new widened street was built and connected with a section of Western to the Henley / Broadway intersection, called Summit Hill Drive. In the process, little or nothing of what was once Gallow's Hill is left, but it probably was located around the site of the original Lawson McGhee Library, around the west side of Market Street east of Vine, today the site of the western section of the Radisson Hotel.

GAMBEL'S STATION. An eighteenth century station in Knox County. "William Reagan, Lieutenant and thirteen men " were on duty at this station in 1792, per information in the addenda to the 1852 printing of the "Semi-Centennial Celebration of Knoxville", when Thomas Hume's speech originally published in 1842 at the city's semi-centennial celebration was reprinted, together with added information concerning those original proceedings.

GAP CREEK. South Knoxville. Near the Sevier County line. Listed in the 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer as "a landing on the French Broad River, thirteen miles southeast of Knoxville." The Gap Creek post office operated from 1838 to 1907, evidence of the error found in some references, suggesting that Gap Creek was the earlier name of the Kimberlin Heights community, since the Kimberlin Heights post office was established in 1890, twelve years before the Gap Creek post office closed. For that matter, Gap Creek and Kimberlin Heights are shown as separate communities on the 1895 Knox County map, and the Gap Creek community is still listed in the 1914 Rand McNally Railroad Guide. When the Gap Creek post office closed, mail was thereafter was not to Kimberlin Heights, but c/o the post office at Trundle's Cross Roads, which was at that time in Sevier County (but had been in Blount County in 1867). Other references indicating that Gap Creek was also known as Flint Gap are apparently also obviously incorrect, since post offices existed simultaneously both at Flint Gap and Gap Creek.

GAP CREEK SCHOOL. A county school, obviously the school for children in the Gap Creek community, actually located approximately a mile west of Gap Creek, but only a quarter mile south of Kimberlin Heights, on the 1895 Knox County map.

GARLAND. Southwest Knox County. The Garland community was in existence at least as long ago as the early twentieth century. It is listed in the 1914 and 1916 Rand McNally Railroad Guidebooks, with mail c/o Knoxville.

GARLAND SCHOOL. A school in the Fifth District, listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

GAY STREET BASE BALL GROUNDS. Another name for one of the city's earliest known baseball grounds, just after the Civil War, also sometimes referred to in contemporary local newspapers as the Union Base Ball Grounds, or merely as the Base Ball Grounds. Another baseball field was also in existence around the same time, located near the intersection of Central and Jackson Avenue.

GAY STREET SHOW GROUNDS. Located at the corner of Gay and Park (now Magnolia.) In April, 1897, Professor Gentry's dog and pony show was back in town for his annual stay, playing under a tent at the corner of Gay street and Park Avenue. Two years later the Cooper and Co. Circus exhibited at this site on August 26, 1899.

GAY THEATER. A downtown movie theater, at 403-405 South Gay Street. Opened in 1911. The Gay was located on the west side of Gay, between Wall and Union, near the corner at Union. For a nickel that year, you could see D. W. Griffith's latest "Six Act Drama". During the next forty years the admission price for adults had increased from five cents to a quarter. The price of admission has now skyrocketed to the point where the cost for a single admission and a bag of popcorn today would have been enough to have paid for going to the movies every single day in 1911. In May, 1913, the theater installed a refrigeration plant advertising that "every cubic foot of air is cleaned every two minutes." In June, 1913, the theater was showing color movies, the process called "Kinemacolor," apparently the earliest color movies shown in Knoxville, when movies in that format were also being shown at the Bijou Theater. .

GAY THEATER. Another movie theater called the Gay was located in the Burlington area, on McCalla Avenue. That Gay Opened in 1931 at the what previously had been the Burlington Theater. Being located in the Burlington community, the original name was logical enough, but I can offer no guess why the name of this theater was originally changed to the Gay, particularly since it was located several miles to the east of the downtown main street of that same name. Downtown's Gay Theater had been already been renamed the Strand Theater fourteen years before the Burlington theater with that name was in operation. The Gay Theater in Burlington closed in 1958.

GAYLAND HEIGHTS. South Knoxville. The section along both sides of the L & N railroad tracks, near the Vestal community, west of Maryville Pike, from Candora to Cherokee. The Gayland Heights Baptist church is on Willoughby Road, as it was more than fifty years ago.

GEM THEATER. A theater for African Americans, the Gem was movie theater, where live entertainment was sometimes also presented. Some accounts suggest that the Gem opened around 1910, although it is not listed in city directories until 1913, and I find no advertisements for the theater, nor any other contemporary reference to its existence before that year. For the first several years, the theater was located at 102 West Vine Street, on the south side of Vine, just west of Central. In 1913, the Gem was listed in the city directory as a movie theater, although live entertainment was apparently sometimes a part of the fare. The theater was apparently not in operation for a year or so, since the address at 102 West Vine is listed as vacant in the 1914 city directory, then once again the Gem was back in operation at the same location in 1915. By 1922, the theater had moved to 106 East Vine Street, just east of the southeast corner of Vine and Central. At the new location it was again primarily a movie house, but the theater still continued to offer periodically scheduled live entertainment for many years. A fire caused considerable damage to the building, but it was restored and the theater re-opened at the same location in 1942. The Gem was by far the most popular and also the longest lasting theater for black patrons in Knoxville, as none of the other theaters for black audiences were in existence very long, including the Lincoln, the Lyric, the Dixie, the Iola, the Roxy, the Grand, and the Ritz. Of those theaters, only the Grand, located on South Central, a block or so south of the Gem, existed for as long as five years.

GEORGIA STREET HOTEL. A hotel shown on the 1890 Sandborn map, at the southeast corner of Georgia Street and Campbell Street, south of Hardee (Jackson).

GERMAN-ENGLISH LUTHERAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOL. Listed in the 1912 Knoxville city directory. The school is mentioned more than fifteen years earlier in the Knoxville Chamber of Commerce publication, "Knoxville, Tennessee - 1896/7". The address was at the northwest corner of Broadway and West Fifth Avenue. Listed in some directories as the German Parochial School.

GIBBS. North Knox County. A community southwest of the Corryton community. Named for Nicholas Gibbs, who built a log cabin in the area, circa 1793 (that home has been restored and is still in existence). In the general area of Harbison's Cross Roads. All of the communities in that section of the county were in close proximity, and late nineteenth century maps show separate communities including Gibbs, Church Grove, and Harbison's Cross Roads. Of those three communities, only Church Grove had a post office, and postal records show that in 1893 mail to Gibbs was c/o Church Grove.

GIBBS HIGH SCHOOL. In the community of the same name. The cornerstone was laid on May 30, 1913, and the school was in operation that fall. In 1937, fire extensively damaged the Gibbs High School. Another damaging fire occurred at the school in 1970.

GIFFIN SCHOOL. Listed in the 1911 city directory, on Sevierville Pike. The Giffin school became a city school in 1917, when the area became a part of the city. A new school building was constructed at Sevierville Pike and South Haven Road in the 1920's.

GILBERT HOTEL. 409 Wall Street. This was the name of the hotel at this address in the 1940's. In the late thirties, it was called the Stratford Hotel, and by 1943 the name was the Gilbert-Stratford Hotel. Entertainers who performed at the burlesque shows on that stage at the Roxy Theater, a block away on Union avenue, sometimes stayed at this hotel.

GILLIAM'S STATION. East Knox County. An early fort in the section east of the fork of the French Broad and Holston Rivers. Mecklenburgh and the early Lebanon Church were in this area, as was Swan Pond.

GILLESPIE'S STATION. An early Knox County station, mentioned by J. G. M. Ramsey, in his History of Lebanon Church. Named for John Gillespie, who settled on the north side of the French Broad river.

GILL'S ADDITION. North Knoxville. An early suburban addition. Southeast of Broadway, between Third Avenue and Gratz Street and including the area along the street of the same name as the addition, and northeast past Caswell Street. An article in the Tribune on June 28^th, 1883, describes the development of this addition in North Knoxville, mentioning that there were 189 residential lots in the Gill's Addition. Including the section that has become known in modern times as the Fourth and Gill neighborhood.

GIRL'S HIGH SCHOOL. The Girl's High School opened in 1881 and originally was conducted in the East Tennessee Female Institute building on Main street. In 1884, the school operated in a building at Gay and Church, then in 1885 the school moved into a newly constructed building at 431 Walnut, at the corner of Union. It was a high school primarily for females, but male students also attended and graduated from the school. The school yearbooks included the male students who attended the Hampden Sydney school, and those annual publication were called the yearbooks of the Knoxville High School. Later, when the new Knoxville High School building was built on Fifth Avenue, the girls and boys from those schools were transferred to the new school. However, before the new school existed sports events including football games were played between Central High School and the city school, and those games were reported in local newspapers as games played by the Knoxville High School team. Also, the name of the original school yearbook, the Voice, was continued for many years after the new Knoxville High School opened. For a while, the building at Union and Walnut was the site of the Boyd School for boys, before that school later became the Boyd Junior High School and was relocated at the old Deaf and Dumb School, the City Hall building, on Western avenue.

GLENWOOD. East Knoxville. A residential development. A reference in the Journal, in 1892, concerning the new development called Eastwood, mentions that at that time Knoxville had this residential section known as Glenwood. This Glenwood community was located in the area this side of Lake Ottosee, and included the section where the grounds of the Knoxville Gun Club were located.

GLENWOOD GROVE. East Knoxville. Precise location not determined, but somewhere in the East Knoxville residential development called Glenwood. An article in the Journal in 1895, reporting local July 4^th celebrations, reported " the local colored population enjoyed the Fourth at Glenwood Grove, on the Lake Ottosee line" The Lake Ottosee line ran eastward to Lake Ottosee (now Chilhowee Park), thus Glenwood Grove was located somewhere along or near Glenwood Avenue section in the East Knoxville area, near the street railway line

GLENWOOD PARK / GLENWOOD LAKE. In 1891, this was a proposed suburban residential development. An extensive article in the Tribune described the location. It was located on Third Creek, three quarters of a mile above the old Gideon Hazen paper mill, in the Middlebrook Pike area, near the old Middlebrook homestead. It included an immense lake with a shore line reportedly two and a quarter miles in length, with the lake itself a mile long. The development eventually failed, when there were meager sales at an auction sale of residential lots.

GLENWOOD SCHOOL. Originally announced to be the name of a new school at the corner of Luttrell and Glenwood, but when the school opened in the fall of 1915 it was named the John Brownlow School.

GLOBE HOTEL. A hotel in downtown Knoxville in the early nineteenth century, the location not determined.

GLUCKSON'S GERMAN SCHOOL. Listed in the 1886 city directory, on West Clinch, at the northwest corner of State. Operated by Prof. H. Gluckson.

GODFREY. A community in Southwest Knox County. A post office existed at Godfrey from 1893 to 1895. The Postmaster was Walter Currier. Godfrey is listed in the 1893 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, "seven miles southwest of Knoxville".

GOFF'S SCHOOL. A private school, located at 2213 Washington Avenue, listed in the 1906 and 1907 city directories.

GOLDEN CROSS HALL. A meeting hall, at 59 West Church Street, in 1884, "first door west of Gay Street"

GOOD SAMARITAN HALL. A meeting hall, located on the east side of Gay Street, between Cumberland and Church 1884, four doors north of Cumberland.

GOOD WILL HOTEL. A hotel at 510 Oxford Place. Listed in city directories of the 1940's.

GRAND CAVERNS. West Knox County. On the northern side of Oak Ridge Highway, between Beaver Creek (Karns) and Solway. These caverns were a tourist attraction in the 1930's and 1940's. By the 1950's, there still was a large but rather worn sign along the side of the road promoting the attraction, where a narrow road lead up from Oak Ridge Highway to the caverns. It seems difficult to believe that a series of underground caverns that were sufficiently large enough to be a public attraction has disappeared, but no visible evidence of the original location or its existence seem to remain today. Perhaps it's not that's unusual, since there is no longer any evidence of the series of underground caverns that once were an attraction at Chilhowee Park. (see Lake Park Caverns).

GRAND THEATER. A theater at 703 South Gay Street. Opened as the Grand Theater in 1910, where a theater previously called Ole Bull Theater, and earlier by other names, had existed since 1907. The Grand was a place of both live entertainment and silent movies. Other activities also took place at the theater, when in February, 1913, the Journal and Tribune reported that such public gatherings as meetings of the Episcopal Church men met at the theater for several days, and the YMCA held a meeting at the site. The Grand closed in 1916, the 1917 city directory showing this address as vacant.

GRAND THEATER. Another theater called the Grand opened in 1945. A theater for black patrons, this Grand Theater was located at 216 South Central, in the area then sometimes known as Little Harlem. Near the downtown area, it was in competition with the Gem Theater, which was just down the street at the corner of Vine and Central. The Grand Theater was located on the east side of Central, between Vine and Commerce. The Grand closed in 1950.

GRANGEVILLE / GRANGERVILLE. East Knox County. A post office existed at Grangeville from 1893 to 1895. The Postmaster was William Goddard. The 1893 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, providing information perhaps compiled before the opening of the Grangeville post office, lists the community as "Grangerville", with the indication that mail previously had been c/o the Riverdale post office.

GRASSHOPPER CITY. North Knoxville. In the area west of Central Avenue, from Quincy Street and several blocks to the North. In the 1930's and 1940's the name Grasshopper City was commonly used by local residents for this community. Some blocks north of this residential section was a vacant property, between Central and the railroad tracks, which once was the location of the circus when it came to town, known as the North Central Circus Grounds. As a small youngster, the author recalls standing on the corner of Barnard Street and Central Avenue, watching the elephants, clowns, animals, and circus performers, as the circus parade made its trip out Central and past Grasshopper City to those grounds.

GRASSY VALLEY. The name commonly used well into the twentieth century for the rural section and communities in the southwestern section of the county. Newspaper reports of happenings in the Grassy Valley often appeared in local newspapers. One such report, by C. J. M. About, appeared in the June 13^th, 1874 issue of the Chronicle. In some city directories of the 1880's, Grassy Valley is shown as the place of residence of persons living in that area of the county. Periodical reports in the Journal in 1908 gave local news in the community, mentioning places in Grassy Valley including Lovell, Campbell Station, Hill Top, Concord and West Emory.

GRATZ ADDITION. North Knoxville. A suburban addition. A block wide section along the eastern side of Broadway, between Morgan Street and Haynes Place.

GRATZ STREET SCHOOL. An elementary school, in the city of North Knoxville, in the above community. Located on Gratz Street, at the corner of Lovenia. Replaced by the McCallie School in 1907.

GRAVELEY HILL SCHOOL. Southwest Knox County. One of three school that were replaced when Farragut High School opened in the early twentieth century. Location not determined, but obviously somewhere in the Farragut/Concord section. Probably one of the unnamed schools shown on the 1895 Knox County map.

GRAVESTON / GRAVESTOWN. North Knox County. Close to the Union County line, near the intersection of Tazewell Pike and Old Tazewell Pike. Graveston was originally called Gravestown, and some of the section was earlier known as Woods, then later Woodbourne. The Graveston post office opened in 1866, where during the first seven years of existence it was in Union County. The post office continued in operation until 1904. Mail thereafter was c/o the Corryton post office. In the 1880's, two schools were in the area -- the Graveston Academy and the Walnut Grove Academy. The population at that time was seventy-five persons. Annual fairs were held in Graveston in the 1890's, where the featured attraction was horse racing (see below). Detailed reports of those fairs appeared in local newspapers during those years. By 1914, the population in Graveston had grown to 104 persons.

GRAVESTON RACE TRACK / FAIR GROUNDS. The site of the Graveston Fairs in the 1890's. The 1895 map of Knox County shows the Graveston Race Track, one of five race tracks in Knoxville at that time.

GRAVESVILLE. North Knox County. Described in Eastin Morris' Tennessee Gazetteer in 1834 as "a town established on the land of Daniel Graves, in 1817, north of Knoxville, on the road to Tazewell". Gravesville was obviously in the vicinity of Graveston, but it apparently was not the same community, since Morris lists both communities in his Gazetteer, locating Gravesville as being "near the border of Knox and Union counties, near Graveston and Luttrell". That statement in Tennessee's first Gazetteer is an example of some of the difficulty one encounters in attempting to reconstruct information concerning the names and locations of early Knox County communities. Although Morris specifically mentions and thus verifies the existence of Graveston, that community is not separately described, as is Gravesville, nor is Graveston otherwise mentioned in that book. Gravesville apparently existed earlier, as it is shown on Matthew Rhea's 1832 map of Tennessee, which does not show Graveston at that time.

GRAY TAVERN. A night club, located on Clinton Highway, five miles from the city limits. The tavern advertised tourist cabins, and featured dancing with an orchestra every Friday night.

GRAY TERRACE HOTEL. A hotel for black patrons, at 516 East Clinch Avenue. This hotel was advertised in The Knoxville Negro, published in 1929. Clinch Avenue no longer exists where this hotel was located. Before the downtown loop and the Mountain View redevelopment projects, Clinch extended eastward from Central Avenue, across First Creek towards the Mountain View section. The Gray Terrace Hotel was located in that section of Clinch, east of South Central.

GRAYBILL'S SCHOOL. A county school, shown on the 1895 Knox County map in West Knox County, northwest of the Mabel community, near the Roane County line.

GREEN SCHOOL. A city elementary school for black children, located at 907 Payne Street, at the corner of Pritchard. This was renamed Austin High School, or the Knoxville Colored High School, when that school moved from a building on Central to this location. Later, when students in high school level classes were transferred in 1928 to the new Colored High School on Vine Street, this was again called the Green School.

GREEN HILL SCHOOL. A county school, on Brushy Valley Road. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map in the Pedigo community. Many years later, a fire extensively damaged the school in 1978 and a new building was constructed.

GREENLAND ADDITION. North Knoxville. A residential addition, north of Fairmont Blvd. and to Tacoma Drive, between Whittle Springs Road and Orlando.

GREENE'S STATION. South Knox County. Later known as Manifold's Station. This was the original name of the Kimberlin Heights section. The existence of several early communities in this general area makes it somewhat difficult to determine precisely where each community was located, including such places as Manifold Station, Gap Creek, Flint Gap, and Delia.

GREENWAY. North Knoxville. South of the Fountain City community, including Greenway Road and a portion of Tazewell Pike. Listed as a suburban community in the 1913 city directory, with a population of twenty-one residents. This was still a community, and a larger one, in 1939, when the city directory that year continued to list the names of residents living in the Greenway community. The northern junction of Tazewell Pike was at Broadway and Walker Boulevard, and Greenway Road ran northward from that location to Beverly Road, in the Beverly community.

GREGORY BUSINESS SCHOOL. Listed in the 1939 city directory, at 709 West Main.

GREYBILL SCHOOL. A school in the Fifth District, listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

GROVE ADDITION. An early addition to the city. Between Asylum Street (now Western Avenue) and Clinch, from Locust to High Street, a block west of Henley Street .

GROVE CITY. North Knoxville. North of Lonsdale, Grove City is listed as a suburban community in city directories of the early twentieth century, "at the north corporate limit". The 1913 city directory lists the following streets in Grove City : Emerald, Marion, Morris, Oldham, Van, and Virginia. The Grove City Baptist Church is still located on Virginia Avenue, and unless the practice has ceased to exist in modern years area residents were continuing to refer to this section as the Grove City community.

GROVE HEIGHTS. West Knoxville. A residential addition. North of Sutherland Avenue to Knott Avenue, from Walker to Monitor. The Grove Heights Baptist Church is on Frank Street in the area.

GUNTER'S FLAT. The name of a place of residents in the nineteenth century in the downtown area. Gunter's Flat was located in the section north of Vine Street, between Gay Street and Crozier (Central). The 1886 Knoxville city directory shows that only African American residents were living in Gunter's Flat that year. By 1895, the city directory lists only four residents, none being black residents, five of the nine addresses in Gunter's Flat were then vacant, and Madam Mary Gossett was operating a house of prostitution at Number 9, Gunter's Flat.

HACKETT'S STATION. A Knox County settlement in the 1780's mentioned in Goodspeed's History of Tennessee (Knox County edition). Location not determined.

HACKNEY HOUSE. A hotel located at 424 State Street, listed in the 1914 city directory. This hotel was located on the west side of State street, near the corner of Union.

MRS. JAMES HAIRE SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADIES. A private school, in the early 1860's. Location not determined.

HALL / HALL JUNCTION. South Knox County. Hall is shown on nineteenth century maps, south of Mount Olive and north of Little River. Listed as Hall in the 1914 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, but as Hall Junction in the 1923 edition. Near the Blount County line, mail to Hall was c/o the Rockford post office, in Blount County. Hall High School, a colored school whose football teams competed against Knoxville's Austin High School, was later located in Blount County, but I have not verified whether that school was located in this same Hall community.

HALL AND WEBB'S ADDITION. East Knoxville. East of the Chilhowee Park residential addition (which see - NOT the recreational Chilhowee park). This addition was located between Natchez and MacCammon Streets.

HALLS CROSS ROADS / HALLS. North Knox County. Originally the area around the intersection of the present Emory Road and Andersonville Pike. Referred to in references to have been named for a Revolutionary War soldier, Thomas Hall, who was in the Battle of King's Mountain, and settled in this section around 1796. However, the area was originally known as Beaver Dam. The Halls Cross Roads post office operated from 1875 to 1904. Mail thereafter was c/o the Fountain City post office. Area schools included Fort Sumpter and Beech Grove. Oddly, while the 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer indicates that there were three general stores in operation in Halls Cross Roads that year, the Rand McNally Railroad Guide issued almost thirty years later in 1910 indicates that the population then was only thirty people. In modern times, Halls is a section where sub-divisions of all shapes and sizes, businesses of all descriptions, and apparently every short-order place known to man, have followed the explosion of the population in the community, in addition to now being considered a considerably larger community than it was fifty years ago.

HALLS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. In Halls Cross Roads. Before Halls High School opened, high school level classes were taught at this school.

HALLS HIGH SCHOOL. In the Halls Cross Roads community. In 1922, a new school building was constructed, replacing four area schools -- Stony Point, Montvale, Blooming Dale, and Bright Hope. Then, high school classes were taught along with elementary school classes in the same building. Other Halls area schools were the Fort Sumpter and Beech Grove schools. A new high school was opened in 1937, across the street from the original school. While a Knoxville newspaper reported in 1948 that the first Halls High School football team was organized that year, the school actually fielded a football team and competed with teams from Knox County schools as early as 1931.

HALLS CROSS ROADS SCHOOL. An unnamed school is shown approximately a mile east of the Halls Cross Roads community, on the 1895 Knox County map.

HAMPDEN-SYDNEY ACADEMY. A school for boys, founded in the 1817. Once connected with East Tennessee College (University of Tennessee), it had become a separate school by the 1830's. Shown in the 1869 city directory as located on Locust Street, between Cumberland and Church. In 1882, only grades one through five were taught at the school. In later years, the school moved to the southeast corner of State Street and Commerce, across the street from the Palace Hotel (later the site of the YMCA). At that time, it was also called the Boys High School and Intermediate School. A section in the 1907 Knoxville High School yearbook, the Voice, is devoted to a description of the activities at this school, where classes were then taught through the eighth grade.

HAPPY HOLLER. North Knoxville. Some modern writers refer to this community as "Hollow", but old-time residents, speaking North-Knoxvilleeze, usually called it "Holler". The area is centered at the intersection of Anderson and Central Avenue. Around fifty years ago, numerous businesses lined both sides of the two block area between Baxter and Oklahoma Avenue, and the city's first suburban movie theater, the Picto, opened in Happy Holler in 1916. The area was representative of many city neighborhoods in the 1930's and 1940's, where several local businesses existed, particularly grocery stores. In the Happy Holler area, in the three blocks along Anderson Street northeast of Central, there were three neighborhood grocery stores. There was an explanation for that phenomena. While there were such places as Cas Walkers and the White Store located on Central in the community, where the overall cost for groceries was perhaps somewhat cheaper, those stores were strictly cash operations. But there were no such things as credit cards, much of the business at the locally owned neighborhood grocery stores was done on credit, and from a family's weekly paycheck one of the first obligations was to make a payment, albeit rarely the entire amount owed, on a family's grocery bill. Another convenience sometimes provided by neighborhood grocers often was free delivery of groceries to area customers., would seem to be is Around 1948, dwellings were demolished between Baxter and Pearl Place and the North Central Avenue playground was closed, to build the Sears Roebuck store, it initially brought a more people into the neighborhood to shop at that new store. But eventually this and other inner city neighborhoods deteriorated, and businesses were now locating in more suburban sections, where the majority of their customers were then living. In the 1940's, in the two blocks between Baxter and Oklahoma along Central Avenue, there were twenty-one flourishing businesses in Happy Holler, including the Joy Theater, two drug stores, four grocery stores, and three eating establishments. The only remaining business from those days, at this writing, is a small ice cream and drive-in establishment, actually located just north of the original Happy Holler business district, at the northwest corner of Central and Oklahoma. A suggestion in a local newspaper column in recent times, that perhaps Happy Holler developed and existed because of the existence of saloons, likely raised the eyebrows of some who grew up in the area, including the author. There were no saloons, and only two beer joints, in Happy Holler in the 1930's and 1940's. Its continued existence was because of the sizeable surrounding residential population, and the support of those families of those previously mentioned business firms. It was when those families began moving from the neighborhood that such customer support to sustain the businesses was no longer there, and eventually every one of the original stores, restaurants, and the movie theater, that were located on Central, between Baxter and Oklahoma, were closed.

HAPPY HOME. West Knoxville. A community of black residents, south of Western Avenue where Ball Camp Pike parallels that road near Third Creek, (Rucker Street, Harris Street, Montwood Drive), south of what was the Pedigo School. An article in the Sentinel on October 4^th, 1942, described the section of Happy Home, where many of the area residents were engaged in farming. That the farming was taking place is no surprise, since certainly Happy Home was "in the county" then, but the fact that their primary crop was cotton, where one resident reported that year he had harvested some eight hundred pounds, reveals that in the 1940's an unexpected crop was successfully being grown in Knoxville. While historical accounts indicate that in early times cotton was a staple production in Knox County, since the 1820's cotton has generally no longer a cultivated crop in this area.

HAPPY HOME SCHOOL. In the above community, on Monroe Road. A one room school, with grades One through Eight. The school closed in 1963.

HARBISON / HARBISON'S CROSS ROADS. North Knox County. West of the Tazewell Pike intersection with Emory Road. Settled in the eighteenth century by one of the first settlers, Nicholas Gibbs, for whom the Gibbs community was named. The Piney Grove School was in the Harbison area. There was never a post office at Harbison's Cross Roads, and the 1893 Rand McNally Railroad Guide indicates that mail was c/o the Church Grove post office. Harbison's Cross Roads is shown on period maps just east of the Church Grove community. The Southern Bell telephone directory lists fifty-five subscribers in Harbison's Cross Roads in 1929.

HARDEE AND COMPANY'S ADDITION. East Knoxville. A nineteenth century addition to the city, east of Hardee Street, (west of Central that street was already been called Jackson, as was the eastern section later). This addition was generally in east from Florida Street to First Creek and north to Park Street (Magnolia).

HARDEE AND WEBB'S SUBDIVISION. An early addition to the city. Along both sides of Lenoir Street, between Hardee (later Jackson) and Depot Streets.

HARDIN'S / HARDIN VALLEY. West Knox County. Originally settled in the eighteenth century by Joseph Hardin. Hardin Valley was sometimes a place of outdoor gatherings in the nineteenth century. On May 17^th, 1870, local newspapers reported that the Methodist Church held a picnic " at Hardin's, on the Knoxville and Charleston Railroad". The Hardin Valley post office was established in 1879. That office closed in 1901, with mail thereafter c/o the Concord post office. The 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer describes Hardin Valley as being "eighteen miles from Knoxville, seven miles from Concord, on the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad," and as an agricultural community, with two churches, several schools, two mills and two general stores. The only school in Hardin Valley shown on the 1895 Knox County map is the Conners Creek School. Another school was later in the area (see below)

HARDIN VALLEY SCHOOL. A Hardin Valley school existed in the early twentieth century, if not earlier. The school is mentioned in local newspapers in September, 1913, in connection with an educational session held for schools at Ball Camp. A new Hardin Valley School was constructed in 1931. That school burned in April, 1978.

HARMER PRIVATE SCHOOL. South Knoxville. A school listed in the 1939 Knoxville city directory, located at 100 Island Boulevard.

HARRILL HEIGHTS. North Knoxville. A residential community in the Tazewell Pike section, around its intersection with Villa Road.

HARRILL HILLS. North Knoxville. Adjacent to the Fountain City area to the north. The entrance is on Jacksboro Pike. Established in the 1930's as a planned community of homes. Harrill Hills was originally listed in city directories as a suburban community, since Fountain City was not annexed into the city of Knoxville until the early 1960's.

HARRIS CHAPEL. South Knoxville. A community shown on the 1895 Knox County map. Named for John Harris, a Civil War soldier who owned land in the area.

HARRIS SCHOOL. An African American school in the First District, listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

HART SCHOOL. A school, shown on the 1895 Knox County map, east of Concord and west of Blue Grass.

HARTFORD HOTEL. 219 East Vine Avenue. A hotel for black patrons. This was the name in the 1940's. Earlier it was called the Brownlow Hotel.

HATTIE HOUSE.. A hotel built by Frank McNulty and designed by architect Joesph F. Baumann, at the northeast corner of Gay and Clinch, next to the Central House hotel. An article in the Press and Herald in June, 1879, described the plans for this new hotel, described as being built at the northeast corner of Gay Street and Clinch, where brick store houses were removed from the site. The hotel opened on June 1^st, 1880, although more than a year later a local newspaper advertisement on August 15^th, 1881, indicated that the building had just finally been entirely completed, including a dining room, kitchen, and laundry. The Hattie House was the largest hotel in the city, with rooms for 250 guests, although the Tribune reported in April, 1891 that on some occasions as many as 800 guests had roomed here (if that was not an exaggeration, they must have been packed in like sardines on such occasions). In 1894, the hotel was remodeled and renovated and renamed the Imperial Hotel.

HAYNES BUILDING. Located at 427 Gay street, across the street from Woodruff's in the 1890's. The Haynes building was sometimes the site of public meetings and entertainment. Examples included a wax museum that was on exhibit here in October, 1895, and a meeting of local Democrats on November 2, 1899.

HAYNES HOUSE. The Haynes House hotel was located at 146 ½ Prince Street (now Market Street), at what is today the western side of Krutch Park. City directories list the Haynes House beginning around 1882, then it is no longer listed after 1910. It does reappear as the Haynes Hotel, at the same address, in 1921 and 1922 directories.

HAYNES TAVERN. An early Knoxville tavern, location not determined, but in the downtown area. In 1803, an advertisement for Dowler and Hall's general store appeared in the Register, describing the address of that business as being located "Nearly opposite Mr. John Lavender's, and Mr. Haynes Tavern".

HAZEN ADDITION. A residential addition, located on Washington Avenue, between Bertrand Avenue and east beyond Spruce Street. Eighty-nine residential lots were sold in the addition at an auction in April, 1891.

HEISKELL / HEISKELL'S STATION. Northwest Knox County. Between Bull Run and Chestnut Ridge Roads, in the area around the intersection of Racoon Valley Road and Heiskell Road. The community was established in the 1870's, in an area that was earlier known by other names at various times, including Bishopville, Bull Run and Wolf Valley. A report of local happenings and area merchants in Heiskell appears on page three of the Knoxville Chronicle on June 22^nd, 1883. The Heiskell post office was established in 1898, at the railroad depot, where the name of the post office previously had been Bull Run. The Heiskell post office operated until 1959. Heiskell was named for Knoxville Mayor Samuel Heiskell, who owned one of the largest farms in the county in the section.

HEISKELL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. A county school, in the Heiskell community

HEISKELL HIGH SCHOOL. A school in the Heiskell community. A printed announcement of an entertainment held at the Heiskell High School in 1899 at this school is in the collection of Knoxville's McClung Room. The announcement promotes the "Second Annual Entertainment of the Longfellow and Hermesian Literary Society" of Heiskell High School. What constituted a "high school" at that time generally was a school with nine, or no more than ten grade levels, and it was not unusual that schools in Knoxville and Knox County were so designated, although all grade levels, beginning with the first grade, were taught. At various times, other examples included such county schools at Powell and Bearden, and the city schools at Oakwood and Lonsdale. Another example in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was at the Baker Himel School, or University School, where the graduates of the private preparatory boy's city school in Knoxville qualified for entrance into college after completing the ninth grade.

HEISKELL SCHOOL. An elementary school in the city, for black children. Constructed in 1897, at the corner of Kentucky Street and Campbell Avenue. The school was named for a Knoxville Mayor, S.G. Heiskell. The Heiskell School replaced the King's Chapel School.

HOTEL HELEN. One of several names of the hotel at 301 West Depot Street over the years. It was Hotel Helen in 1925. Earlier at the same address it had been the Hotel Ramsey, and later names were the Rex Hotel and the Piedmont Hotel.

HENDRON / HENDRON CHAPEL. South Knoxville. The section north of the intersection of Chapman Highway and Hendron Chapel Road. Obviously an old community, as Hendron Chapel is shown on the 1895 Knox County map.

HENRY'S STATION. "A Knox County station (fort), in 1792, manned by six men ; George Hauffacre, Corporal." ( Information from the 1852 printing of the Proceedings of the First Fifty Years of Knoxville, a celebration that originally took place in 1842.)

HERCULES. East Knox County. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, around Riverside Drive and Asbury Road, in the area shown on modern maps as Marbledale. The Hercules post office operated from 1899 to 1904. Hercules is listed in the 1914 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, with a population of twenty-five persons.

HESKA AMUNA HEBREW SCHOOL. A private school, at 529-531 Fifth Avenue.

HICKORY NUT SCHOOL. A school in the Corryton area in the nineteenth century, later renamed the Mountain View School.

HIGH BLUFF. South Knox County. An earl community around Tipton Station Road and Pickens Gap Road. The community was later called French (which see).

HIGH BLUFF SCHOOL. A county school, in South Knox County, on Tipton Station Road, in the community of the same name.

HIGH POINT / HIGHPOINT. East Knox County. Approximately one mile north of Wooddale, west of Lyonton, and two miles south of Mascot. A post office operated at High Point from 1874 until 1904, where the name of that office was changed from High Point to Highpoint in 1894. Highpoint is still listed in the 1914 Rand McNally Railroad Guide.

HIGH POINT SCHOOL. An unnamed school shown on the 1895 Knox County map. The closest community to the school on that map being the High Point community, just southeast of the school.

HIGHLAND AVENUE SCHOOL. Originally in the city of West Knoxville, located at Highland Avenue and 5^th Street. Earlier known as the West Knoxville School and later renamed the Van Gilder School.

HIGHLAND AVENUE / HIGHLAND GOLF AND COUNTRY CLUB. Knoxville's second country club (the Country Club, later called Cherokee Country Club, was the first.) However, the Highland club apparently did have Knoxville's first golf course. The golf course was initially located on the Highland avenue trolley line in West Knoxville and was called the Highland Avenue Golf Club. In the summer of 1899, a new course was built on Rutledge Pike, just east of Chilhowee Park, the club moved to that site, and the name of the club became the Highland Golf Club. At that time the club then had twenty-five members. The earliest known local golf matches in Knoxville were held at the course on October 21, 1899, between the Highland Club and the Chattanooga Golf Club. One source records that the course had only nine holes, with small sand greens. The 1904 city directory lists the club as actually being at Chilhowee Park, although it was located just west of the park. Most references indicate the Highland Golf Course had closed by 1910, but it apparently was still in existence in 1913, when a home on Rutledge Pike in Park City was advertised for sale in the Journal and Tribune in January, 1913, described as "facing the golf grounds." The 1914 city directory continues to show that the Chilhowee Park and Burlington street railway lines ran past the golf course.

HIGHLAND AVENUE METHODIST CHURCH. Another in the list of local churches where public entertainment took place in the nineteenth century. A musical and literary entertainment was held at the Highland Avenue Methodist Church on November 14, 1899.

HIGHLAND'S GRILL. A night Club, located at 3800 Kingston Pike.

HIGHLAND HILLS. A community of homes developed in the Forest Hills section (which see) in the 1940's. This adjoining area, Highland Hills Addition, was developed in the late 1940's.

HIGHLAND PARK. Location not determined. On July 4, 1896, local newspapers reported that steamboat excursions took celebrants to area parks, including Riverside Park and Highland Park.

HIGHLAND PARK. North Knoxville. Another area known as Highland Park. This one was in the Black Oak Ridge area, generally from Rifle Range Road to Curtis Road. The name of the property originally owned by Rush Strong.

HIGHLAND PARK ADDITION. East Knoxville. Another place with the name Highland park, this one was an early residential addition, developed by the firm of Rambo and Jacks. The addition was located south of McCalla Avenue, between Castle and along both sides of Elmwood Street.

HIGHTOP. Southeast Knox County. A community east of the intersection of Flint Gap Road and Huckleberry Springs Rd. In the same general section where the Wanita community is shown on nineteenth century maps.

THE HILL. A common nickname for the University of Tennessee campus in Knoxville. Earlier names for the school were Barbara Hill and College Hill.

SAM E. HILL SCHOOL. A city elementary school for black children, established in the Lonsdale section, at 339 West Delaware Avenue.

HILL TOP. Located in the West Knox County section, but precise location of this community not determined. Hill Top is mentioned in an article in the Journal on June 6, 1908, concerning happenings in the Grassy Valley section of the county

HILL'S SCHOOL. The school was in existence in the nineteenth century, shown as a place for voter registration in the Journal in September, 1892. It is listed in the Fourth District in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report. The school was still in existence in 1938.

HIND'S VALLEY. The section between Black Oak Ridge and Beaver Ridge. Several early settlements were in this valley. An early fort named Wells Station was located in the area, and among other towns and villages the Ball Camp community was in Hind's Valley.

HIPPODROME. A post card view, identifying the large building with the semi-circular roof extending between Main and Cumberland behind the Lamer House hotel site as the "Hippodrome", was issued around 1908. The 1908 city lists the Hippodrome Entertainment Company at this location, "operated by Charles McNabb", under the alphabetical listings, but the facility itself is not separately listed under that name, and under the street listings that year the directory lists this site as being "under construction". I find no other city directory listings, nor any newspaper articles or advertisements mentioning events that took place at the "Hippodrome". Later there is a listing for a Hippodrome Motor company listed, on the south end of the block. This It was the same large building that originally was opened by Charles McNabb in 1905 as McNabb's Skating Rink, then later was renamed as the Auditorium when the name of the hotel was changed to the Auditorium Hotel. Apparently, the "Hippodrome" was originally a planned new name for the facility, and this postcard view was issued in anticipation of that renaming of the building, but there seems to be no evidence that the name change never took place. However, a movie theater was advertised in the section in 1913 (below.)

HIPPODROME THEATER. On June 25, 1913, a small article in the Journal and Tribune announced that a new theater would open "in a few days." Managed by W. T. Ambrose, it was a "bargain priced vaudeville and moving picture" theater, with a ten cent admission charge. No later advertisements for the theater have been found, but that was not unusual for other early Knoxville theaters, since apparently a number of those early theaters seldom, if ever, advertised in local newspapers.

HOBBIE MUSIC HOUSE. A downtown music house, sometimes the site of public entertainment. An example was in April, 1891, when the City Band gave a concert at the Hobbie Music House, to aid the Epiphany Church organ fund.

HODGE SCHOOL. A school for African American students, in the First District, listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

HODGES FERRY. Another name by which Bowman's Ferry, or Riverdale Ferry, was known.

J. H. HOFFMAN MUSIC SCHOOL. A school, operating in the Knox Hotel (the Lamar House site), advertised in the Knoxville Enquirer on June 8, 1825.

HOGSKIN HOLLER. East Knox County. A name by which a section in the Mascot / Rutledge Pike area was known by local residents.

HOLBROOK NORMAL COLLEGE. Built in Fountain City and opened in 1893. The Holbrook Normal College in Knoxville was an offshoot of the Holbrook College of Lebanon, Ohio, and was originally slated to be built in North Knoxville, on Edgewood Avenue. Plans to build the college at the original site fell through, and the Fountain City location was selected, after other sites including the Cherokee addition south of the river and Lonsdale were also considered. The first city directory advertisements for the college appeared in 1894. A description of the courses offered, the facilities, fees, and rules and regulations at the college appeared in an advertisement in the Tribune on August 15^th, 1897. Briefly in the early twentieth century the name was changed to Tennessee College. After the school closed, the building became the first home of Central High School, before a new building was constructed for that school.

HOLBROOK GROUNDS FIELD. The Tribune reported on June 1^st, 1894, that a baseball game between a team from North Knoxville and the 'Holbrooks' would be played that day at the "Holbrook grounds", i.e. the grounds at the Holbrook Normal School. I have been unable to determine the location of the baseball field for the Holbrook School, but it apparently it was somewhere on the school property.

HOLSTON. Location not known -- possibly in East Knox County. Holston was an early community where a post office existed from 1833 to 1844. The first Postmaster was William Craighead. The post office was briefly closed, then reopened in 1835, with a new Postmaster, Moses Armstrong.

HOLSTON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. A city school, on Wheeler Avenue.

HOLSTON HEIGHTS. East Knoxville. The name of a residential section east of Front Street from Central, above the city water company's pumping station. An article in the Journal on October 12, 1893, mentions the site, as "Holston Heights, or Methodist Hill, as it used to be called."

HOLSTON HILL. East Knox County. The name of a section of better homes in the Mascot area where the executives of the mining company lived. The houses are still there, but are now privately owned. A swimming pool was added in this section of Mascot executives a half century or so ago, and the pool was still on the road leading to those houses in recent years.

HOLSTON HILLS / HOLSTON HILLS COUNTRY CLUB / GOLF COURSE. East Knoxville. Holston Hills is a community of homes that was developed in 1927. The Holston Hills Country Club and golf course opened July 4^th, 1927. The golf course was built on the property that had originally been the Idle Hours Farm and Creamery, owned by James P. McDonald. By 1926, that land was owned by Dr. Herbert Acuff, who sold the land to the Holston Hills Realty Company, which company developed the residential area around the course. The Holston Hills Country Club was long considered to be one of the finest golf courses in the south, and has been the site of several prominent tournaments, including two NCAA national championships.

HOLY GHOST SCHOOL. A private parochial school, at the Holy Ghost Church, located at Central Avenue and Hinton Street.

HOPEWELL. A community in East Knox County. The Hopewell Church is in the area, off Rutledge Pike.

HORNE THEATER. A movie theater, in South Knoxville. Located at 4305 Chapman Highway, north of Young High School and across the street from the school's football stadium, Duff Field. The Horne opened in 1947 and closed in 1956.

HOUKVILLE. West Knox County. Location not known, but in the Beaver Ridge area. The 1881 Tennessee State Directory lists Houkville as a Knox County community, with mail c/o the Beaver Ridge post office.

HOUSE MOUNTAIN. North Knox County. Southeast of the Washington Pike section and Corryton. The Fraker's School was one and a half miles northeast of House Mountain. A Knoxville newspaper article in 1998 mentioned that Corryton was once called House Mountain, but there is actually ample evidence to verify that they once were separate communities, albeit in the same section of the county. The Corryton community was so named in the 1880's. The community had previously been called Floyd's, and the name of the local post office was changed to Corryton in 1891. The House Mountain post office had already been established in 1877, and continued in operation until 1901, ten years after the Corryton post office had been established, and the separate communities of Corryton and House Mountain are both shown on the 1895 Knox County map. The 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer lists House Mountain with " three general stores, three mills, two churches, an academy, and several public schools".

HOWARD HOUSE. A hotel, located at 107 West Depot Street, listed in the city directory in 1887. The location of the hotel was west of Central.

HOXSIE HALL. Hoxsie Hall was located on Gay Street and was a place of live entertainment and public gatherings at least into the early 1870's. Some examples of entertainment at Hoxsie Hall reported in local newspapers included the following : November 26, 1870. Irish comedian James M. Ward performed at Hoxsie's Hall ; May 6, 1870. "Filled last evening", for a discourse on temperance by Professor John Moffatt ; May 13. 1879, a lecture by Professor John Moffatt, on the life of Robert Burns ; May 19 and 20. 1870,a "Fair" was held at Hoxsie Hall ; and September 10, 1870, An Operetta, "The Stranger", was performed at Hoxsie Hall.

HUCKLEBERRY SPRINGS. East Knox County. South of the Wanita community, where the Huckleberry Springs Church is shown on the 1895 Knox County map. Today, Huckleberry Springs Road is in east Knox County, from Strawberry Plains Pike to Thorngrove Pike, near Riverdale.

HUCKLEBERRY SPRINGS INSTITUTE. A report in the Knoxville Chronicle on July 23^rd, 1874, mentions this school, as follows : "Professor Beaman opened his Institute at Huckleberry Springs, in this county ... called the Huckleberry Springs Institute." This school was operated by F. C. Beaman, who later established Beaman's Lake and Park (now Chilhowee Park). Likely, this is the same school shown as the Huckleberry Springs School on the 1895 Knox County map.

ROBERT L. HUFF SCHOOL. A county elementary school, located on Riverside Drive.

THOMAS HUMES SCHOOL. A school for black children, operated by Humes at the St. Johns Church, during the pre-Civil War period.

MISS HUMES PRIVATE SCHOOL. A private school, in the late nineteenth century. Location not determined.

HUMPHREYS HOUSE. A hotel, located on the "North side of the Passenger Depot", listed in the 1859 city directory. The railroad passenger station at that time was located on the south side of Depot, between North Gay (then White) and Broadway. Later, the Atkin House was located east of the station, adjoining the iron bridge.

HUTSON HOTEL. A hotel listed in the 1934 city directory, at 505 West Clinch Avenue.

IMPERIAL. Southwest Knox County, precise location of the community is not known, but near the county line. Imperial is listed as a Knox County community in the 1923 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, with mail c/o the Martel post office.

IMPERIAL HOTEL. 528-532 South Gay Street. A hotel located just south of the Central Hotel, at the northeast corner of Gay Street and Clinch. Previously the Hattie House, renamed the Imperial Hotel in 1894. The Imperial Hotel had 250 rooms and a dining room with a seating capacity of the same number. An example of entertainment at the hotel was a dance held by the "May Booth" ladies in the parlor of the Imperial Hotel in December, 1899. An early morning fire destroyed the Imperial Hotel in 1916, and later the Farragut Hotel, a larger hotel, was built at the site.

IMPERIAL HOTEL BOWLING ALLEY. Located in the basement of the Imperial Hotel, at the northeast corner of Gay and Clinch. It was one of the bowling alleys where local bowling teams competed in the late nineteenth century.

INDEPENDENCE HALL. A meeting hall, located at 718 Gay Street in the 1890's

INGRAM PLACE SCHOOL. A Knox County school, listed in a school report in the Journal on September 14^th, 1871. Located in the Sixth District. A. J. Haskew was the teacher and eighty-five students were enrolled.

INSKIP / INSKIP STATION. North Knox county. The community centered around Inskip Road at the intersection with Central Avenue Pike, and eastward to the Inskip Road / Bruhin Road intersection, north to Cedar Lane. Named for a Reverend Inskeep (Inskip), who conducted an early camp meetings in the area. The local railroad station was called Inskip Station and was an area for picnics and other public activities. In 1874, Knoxville's Independence Day picnic was held on July 4^th at Inskip Station, when Civil War General Burnside was the city's honored guest. Later that month, the Chronicle reported that the Shiloh Presbyterian Church ("colored") held a picnic at Inskip Station, where four car (train) loads attended, and were sheltered from a sudden rain at the "Camp Ground Hotel". Seven years later, the 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer does not mention either Inskip nor the Inskip Station. By 1886, the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad stations, northward from Knoxville, were Black Oak, followed by Powell's, Heiskell's, and then Clinton. Black Oak would seem to have been the nearest stop at that time to what had earlier been the Inskip Station. The Inskip post office operated from 1892 to 1941. In 1944, a subdivision of one hundred and sixteen homes, among various other similar Knoxville subdivisions of FHA financed, pre-fabricated homes, was developed in the Inskip area.

INSKIP GRAMMAR SCHOOL. A county school, on High School Avenue.

INSKIP SCHOOL. A county school, opened around 1912, with grades One through Ten, (then being the final high school grade level.) The Inskip School was a consolidation of two previous area schools, the Woodlawn School and the Tindell School. Based on the definition of high schools in those times, this could just as easily have been called a high school, and in fact the school is listed as a high school in the 1930 city directory.

INSKIP SPEEDWAY. An automobile race track, in the Inskip community, where races were held in the 1930's. It was a three quarter mile race track, advertised as being "the only dustless track in this part of the country". Examples of automobile races held at the track were on July 4^th, 1931, and also in September of that year.

INSKIP PLAYGROUND. A playground in the Inskip community, opened on July 1^st, 1947.

IOLA THEATER. A movie theater for African American patrons. Opened in 1926 at 107 West Vine Street, and closed that same year. The theater was on the north side of Vine, between Central and State, across the street from what earlier had been the site of the Gem Theater, when that theater was originally located at 102 West Vine, before moving to the other side of Central, near the corner of East Vine.

IRISH BOTTOMS / IRISH TOWN. An early name for a section east of the downtown area, in the area of the site of the original James White fort. A Knoxville newspaper article in 1900, "Points of Interest in Knoxville", stated that Irish Bottoms was " the name of the place where James White first settled, south of the French Broad ". Other references mention that the designation of "Irish Town" was at one time in the same general section.

ISABELLA PARK. A park located in the Mount Isabella section of East Knoxville's Mabry Addition. Local newspapers reported a baseball game that was played on July 4^th, 1886, between a Chattanooga team and the Knoxville 'Liebers', "at Isabelle Park". The Knoxville team was managed by a Mr. E. Lieber, a local businessman (thus the name), and the announcement in the Chronicle indicated that the game would likely be the only chance to witness a game by professionals in Knoxville that year. I have been unable to find Isabella Park on any old Knoxville maps, nor to locate any published description of the location of the park. Some years later, an athletic field is shown in East Knoxville on the 1917 edition of the Sandborn Company's map volume of Knoxville. That field was located two blocks south of Vine and a block east of Patton, bordering Patterson Street, between Condon and Payne Avenue. North of that field was the settling basin and the colored recreational center, at the end of the block, on Pritchard Street. Whether or not that field was the field earlier known as Isabella Park is not known, but it's the only field I've located on old maps that depict such a field in this East Knoxville area.

ISHE'S STATION / ISH'S FORT. South Knox County. An eighteenth century fort, built by John Ishe. Described as "a Knox County station, manned by eight soldiers", in the Semi-Centennial History of Knoxville. Printed in 1852. The area is now in Blount County.

ISLAND HOME. South Knoxville. Island Home was originally the name of the home and property of Perez Dickinson, now the location of the Tennessee School for the Deaf. In the 1890's, the closest schools to the Island Home community were the Union School, a mile to the southwest, and the Columbia Hall School, on Sevierville Pike (later Island Home Pike), south of Meades Quarry. Later, the Meade Elementary School opened in the early 1930's, on Buffalo Place.

ISLAND HOME PARK. The firm of Doll & Mynderse developed the Island Home Park residential section, said to have been one of the earliest restricted sub-divisions in Knoxville.

ISLAND HOME ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. A city school, at 524 Island Home Blvd.

JACKSON AVENUE SHOW GROUNDS. When the name of Bell Avenue had been changed to Jackson Avenue, the name of what earlier had been known as the Bell Avenue Grounds became known as the Jackson Avenue Show Grounds. Circuses continued to be held at that location as late as 1920, when the Sparks Circus played at the Jackson Avenue grounds. Later, that property was sold for commercial purposes and the site of circus performances moved to the North Central Circus Grounds, and sometimes at a site on Sutherland avenue.

JACKSON HOTEL. A hotel at 432 Walnut Street. Listed in city directories in the 1940's and after 1950.

JACKSON'S TAVERN. A tavern, operated by Captain Joseph Jackson, on Main avenue. A newspaper advertisement in 1823 gives the location of Jackson's Tavern "next to the State Bank and opposite the Court House.

JACKSON's HOTEL. Captain Joseph Jackson assumed operation of the hotel at the southwest corner of Gay and Cumberland (the Lamar House site) in 1827, and the name of the hotel was changed from the Knoxville Hotel to Jackson's Hotel. It continued under that name until it became known as the City Hotel in 1839.

JARVIS APARTMENT HOTEL. 201-207 West Church. The was the name of this hotel in the 1930's. By the 1940's, the name had been changed to the Elliott Apartment Hotel.

JAY BIRD. A community of black residents, in the 1920's. J. H. Daves mentions Jay Bird in his Study of the Colored Population of Knoxville, but does not specifically locate this community, other than mentioning that it was in the Ninth Ward, where the Mechanicsville and McAnally Flats communities were located. I have not determined the specific location referred to by Daves, but it was likely in the McAnally Flats section, along University avenue. In any case, it was long the name of a section of black residents who lived near the Mechanicsville community, since local newspapers in the summer of 1890 reported that a colored baseball team known as the Jay Birds was among those playing games at the old baseball park near University avenue and Western avenue that year. City directories of the period provide evidence that Jay Bird would not have been along Deaderick Avenue, nor in the section east towards downtown from that street at that time, since virtually all of the families who were living on those streets were white residents, as had been true when the Mechanicsville community was originally established in the nineteenth century.

JEFFERSON HALL. On the University of Tennessee campus. The site of numerous activities. Lectures, plays, school commencements, etc., took place at Jefferson Hall before the Alumni Memorial Auditorium later opened. Jefferson Hall was the site of lectures and the showing of movies during the Summer School of the South activities. The U. T. Carnival (later called Carnicus) was an activity originally held at Jefferson Hall. The News Sentinel relays were held at the Jefferson Hall site in 1930.

JETT'S MILL. North Knox County. Exact location not known. The 1893 and 1900 Rand McNally Railroad Guides lists Jett's Mill, with mail c/o Twinville.

JOHN LEE PLAYGROUND. Established around 1916, this was a city-owned playground, located east of the Bell House School, on Central Avenue, near the Clinch Avenue bridge. The Bartholomew Company's recommendation in their 1930 plan for Knoxville was that this downtown area playground should be considerably enlarged, "because of the highly developed surroundings". That statement referred to nearby residential sections in the area, none of which exist today.

JOHN TARLETON SCHOOL / INSTITUTE. Established on land donated to the county in the will of eccentric Texas millionaire John Tarleton. The Knox County Industrial School (originally the Knox County Reformatory) was given permission to use the property in January, 1897, and name of the new school became the John Tarleton School, or Institute.

JOHNSON BIBLE COLLEGE. South Knoxville. In the Kimberlin Heights community, this religious college was established by Ashley Johnson in 1893. In the early years, the school was known as the Kimberlin Heights School. The college continues in existence today.

ANDREW JOHNSON HOTEL. 916 South Gay Street, at the corner of Hill Avenue. The original name of the hotel was planned to be the Tennessee Terrace, and contemporary local newspapers indicated that the hotel was to open under that name. The Knott Corporation of New York then leased the property and the hotel opened as the Andrew Johnson Hotel in October, 1928. In later years, an outdoor swimming pool was added.. All but one of the large dwellings on the east side of the block of Gay Street between Hill and Main were removed when the hotel was built (one was removed to the Burlington area, at Speedway Circle, and the others were demolished). One other two story colonial home in the block, north of the hotel property, was not demolished until the late 1940's.

ANDREW JOHNSON HOTEL BALLROOM. An example of entertainment held at the ballroom of the Andrew Johnson hotel was a musical concert, on April 1^st, 1932, with the Walburn-Clark string ensemble, featuring Mrs. Robert McClellan as soloist. That concert was sponsored by the United Daughters of the Confederacy. A later example of entertainment at the Andrew Johnson hotel was when radio station WNOX initially broadcast their country music show, the Midday Merry Go Round, from the upper floor of the hotel. Complaints of the loud music from hotel guests soon resulted in the removal of the show to other quarters.

CAL JOHNSON PARK. A recreational park, still in existence today, but now a moderate remnant of the original park established for African American children when it was acquired by the city for this purpose. The park was dedicated in 1922.

CAL JOHNSON RACE TRACK. A horse racing track, in East Knoxville, southeast of Chilhowee Park. Cal Johnson leased the track to the East Tennessee Fair Association in 1894, where racing activities under the auspices of that organization continued at the track until well after the turn of the twentieth century. Johnson was a prominent African American businessman in Knoxville who owned two saloons, one at Gay and Vine and the other at Central and Vine, and also owned a hitch and feed stable, on Central. In 1908, the track was called Johnson's Track, and that season's initial races were held at the track on Decoration Day, May 30^th, 1908. Later that year, the Journal reported on October 26^th that the East Tennessee Track Association had an option to purchase the track from Johnson, for the price of $15,000.00. Horse racing was one of the primary attractions during the Appalachian Expositions, when the track was known as the Chilhowee Park Race Track. Apparently the race association had not accepted Johnson's offer to sell the track to the organization in 1908, since several years later it is still listed in the 1915 city directory as 7Johnson's Race Track. That year, trotting and horse races at the Cal Johnson track were advertised in the Journal and Tribune on September 22^nd and 23^rd, 1915. Another name by which the track became known was the Speedway, or the Speedway Circle. The Speedway Circle site is still in existence, but for many years now it has been a residential section.

JOHNSON'S RACE TRACK. Other than being mentioned in the original edition of Knox-Stalgia, I have found little if any mention in the various histories of Knoxville that Cal Johnson once owned another race track, in South Knoxville. This Johnson's Race Track was located between what was then Sevierville Pike and the river, east of the slaughter house. It is shown on the 1895 map of Knoxville. The track actually had already been in existence years earlier, having been constructed for the site of a Knoxville fair that primarily featured horse racing, in October, 1881. I have not determined when Johnson acquired ed this track. On July 4^th, 1894, the Journal reported that the large crowd that attended the opening day of the horse racing season at the south Knoxville track was proof that Knoxville citizens supported those activities, when an estimated two thousand persons were in attendance, many of whom "walked over to the track." The track bordered the river, and had a large grandstand. One advertisement in the Journal, in 1894, refers to the track as the "South Side Track", but most of the newspaper articles refer to it as Johnson's Race Track. Earlier, on June 14^th , 1894, the Journal reported that the Knoxville Jockey Club, or Knoxville Driving Park Association, had leased the track from Johnson for a period of three years. The Tribune reported on June 18^th, 1894, that the grading of the track had been completed and a new fence was being installed, apparently the indication that the track had fallen into disrepair since it originally opened in 1881. Races were held in July and again in September in 1894. It was also used for other types of races. An article in the Journal reported that the "Marble City Wheelmen", described as "colored bicyclists", held a meet at the track, and an earlier article appeared on May 6^th, 1894, concerning a newly formed bike club called the "Knoxville Racing Wheelmen", who likewise raced at the facility. Reports of Knoxville early horse racing activities reveal that Cal Johnson not only owned horses that were competing in those racing contests, but that he sometimes was the jockey riding his horses in those events. Johnson's race Track was still in existence well into the twentieth century, as a place of interscholastic and college track meets. A track meet between Vanderbilt and the University of Tennessee was held at the site on April 25^th, 1914, and the University of Tennessee Magazine - Historical Edition (Volume 30, No. 9, 1921) contains illustrations of an interscholastic track meet sponsored by the University that was held at Johnson's Track. Those track meets were held annually from 1912 through 1917.

JOHNSON'S FERRY. A ferry on the bank of the Tennessee river, in the west section of the county, shown on the 1895 Knox County map.

JONES CHAPEL. South Knox county. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, between Martin Mill Pike and Woodlawn Cemetery.

JONES HILL SCHOOL. South Knox County. A city school for black children. Shown in the 1916 city directory on Sevierville Pike, then in 1920 as being located on Davenport Road. By 1939, the address is shown in city directories on Church Lane, and the name then was the Jones School. The school closed in 1940.

JOY THEATER. A movie theater in Happy Holler, on the west side of Central, between Anderson Street and Oklahoma Avenue. Previously the Cameo, among other names. (See Picto Theater for the other names of this theater). The theater was renamed the Joy in 1935. It was again renamed the Center Theater in 1948.

KAINS. East Knox County. Matthew Rhea's 1832 map of Tennessee shows only seven communities in Knox County, besides in the city of Knoxville. One such place is "Kains", shown on that map located north of Swan Pond and Armstrong's Ferry. The area name was derived from an early settler, Thomas Kain, whose brick home was constructed in the early nineteenth century in the general area that was later known as Caswells, or Caswell's Station (later the John Sevier area.) A bend in the Holston river was called "Kain's Bend".

KANGAROO. East Knox County. A community in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, east of the Holston River, around the old Holston Road and Pollock Lane. A post office was in operation in Kangaroo from 1891 to 1900. Area schools were the Summit Hill School, less than a mile to the east, the Mosina School, a mile to the east, and the Union School, to the northeast. The Kangaroo community is still listed in the 1919 Rand McNally Railroad Guide.

KARNS. West Knox County. In what originally was called the Beaver Creek community. It was not called Karns until after 1950. ( See Beaver Ridge.)

KARNS (KARNES) HIGH SCHOOL. Opened in the Beaver Ridge community in 1913, replacing what had been previously the Beaver Ridge School. Named for Thomas Karns, who was the second Superintendent of Knox County schools. Apparently Karnes was an early spelling for this school in the Beaver Ridge community. According to a contemporary newspaper report, the first transpiration of students in Knox County was in a wagon, in September, 1913, from Bell's Bridge to "Karnes High School". A similar example of dropping the final "e" in found the name of a local school was the Mynders School, in North Knoxville, originally called the Mynderse School.

KENNEDY. East Knox County. A post office existed in the Kennedy community from 1883 to 1890. The first postmaster was James W. Perry. Thereafter, mail was c/o Riverdale. Location not determined.

DORA KENNEDY SCHOOL. A county school, in East Knox County, on Strawberry Plains Pike. I find one reference indicating that when this school opened in 1909 it replaced the Mosina School. Perhaps eventually that was the case, but it obviously was not when the Dora Kennedy school first opened, since the Mosina School was still in operation as late as 1914. The Dora Kennedy School was named for the daughter of E.M. Kennedy, who taught at the Mosina School, a school that was located in the Kangaroo community.

KENNEDY'S ADDITION. East Knoxville. An early residential addition. East of First Creek, between Cumberland Avenue and Clinch, and east to Temperance Street, when Clinch Avenue extended eastward from Central.

KERN'S HALL. From the 1870's to the end of the nineteenth century, newspapers reported live public entertainments, meetings, and other public functions that were held at Kern's Hall. The hall was located in the building where Peter Kern's Bakery and Ice Cream Parlor was located. More than one meeting hall was located on the upper floors of that same building at the northwest corner of Union and Market Square. In the nineteenth century, the Odd Fellows Hall is also listed as having been located in the same building, and some old city directories Peter Kern's ice cream parlor is shown as being located in what was called the Odd Fellows Building.

KIDD'S HILL. The Kidd's Hill post office operated in Knox County during the years 1858 and 1859. Location not determined.

KIMBERLIN HEIGHTS. South Knoxville. The original post office in this community was called Delia when it was established in April, 1896, but the name was changed to Kimberlin Heights in December of that same year. The post office operated until 1955. Kimberlin Heights was named for a Revolutionary soldier, Jacob Kimberlin, great grandfather of the first Postmaster, Ashley Johnson, whose home was in the area. The school Johnson founded in 1893, the Kimberlin Heights School later known as Johnson Bible College, is still in existence in the area. The 1895 Knox County map shows several area schools, including the Gap Creek School, a quarter mile to the south, that school actually being closer to Kimberlin Heights than it was to the Gap Creek community itself.

KIMBERLIN HEIGHTS SCHOOL. The name by which the Johnson Bible College was originally known. References to the school are found in the late nineteenth century, and for a number of years into the twentieth century. On example was a basketball game played between the Knoxville High School girl's basketball team against the girl's team from the Kimberlin Heights School in 1916, as recorded that year in the K H S monthly publication, the Voice.

KINCAID. Kincaid is listed in the 1919 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, located in Knox County, on the Knoxville, Sevierville and Eastern Railway. Location not determined, but apparently in South Knox County, based on the route of that railroad.

KINDERGARTEN SCHOOL. A school listed in the 1891-1892 city directory, located at number 25 West Cumberland avenue.

KINGS CHAPEL SCHOOL. A school for black children, located at 606 Payne Street in East Knoxville. First listed in the Knoxville directory in 1896, but the school was first in operation around 1891. A new building was constructed at the corner of Kentucky and Campbell Streets in 1897. The school was later renamed the Heiskell School, named for Mayor S.G. Heiskell.

KING'S SCHOOL. Another school, also for African American children, was located at 114 Crozier street in 1891. That year, the Slater Training school was in operation at the building.

KING'S SCHOOL. A private school, located on Island Home Pike in South Knoxville in the early twentieth century.

KINGSLEY / KINGSLEY STATION. South Knox County. West of Maryville Pike, between East End Road and Woodson Drive. Listed in the 1914 Rand McNally Railroad Guide as Kingsley's Station, but later shown as Kingsley in the 1919 edition.

KINGSTON PIKE HEIGHTS. West Knoxville. A community of homes developed at Sutherland Avenue and Westwood Road, in the 1920's. The name was later changed to Westwood.

KITTS SCHOOL. North Knox County. A school on Emory Road, east of Harbison's Cross Roads. The school closed in 1921.

KLONDIKE. South Knox County. A community listed in the 1923 Rand McNally Railroad Guide, on the Knoxville and Carolina Railway line, with mail c/o the Neubert post office.

KLONDIKE SCHOOL. South Knoxville. A county school, on Spangler Road, in the above community.

KNABE'S MUSICAL ACADEMY. Listed in city directories in the 1880's, on Main Street. The proprietor, Gustavus Knabe, was instrumental (no pun intended) for many years in the nineteenth century in musical concerts and organizations in Knoxville.

KNIGHTS OF HONOR HALL. A nineteenth century meeting hall, located at the southeast corner of Gay and Clinch. Later this was the site of the News Sentinel offices.

KNIGHTS OF LABOR HALL. A downtown meeting hall, at number 11 Market Square.

PETER R. KNOTT BOWLING SALOON. One of the early bowling facilities in Knoxville. Peter Knott's "Bowling Saloon" is listed in Knoxville's first city directory, published in 1859, located on the "east side of Market Space, between Union and Market". (Market Square was originally called the Market Space.)

KNOX COUNTY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. The original name of the John Tarleton School / Institute. Founded in 1896, "for wayward children .. two miles west of Knoxville, on the Middlebrook Pike." Millionaire John Tarleton had donated the land, in Knoxville, but his stipulation that the property be used for children who otherwise would not receive an education was initially considered a drawback, since all children were eligible for schooling. However, it was later determined that the newly created industrial school, where incorrigible children and those with no parents were enrolled, qualified for the conditions set out by Tarleton.

KNOX COUNTY NORMAL SCHOOL. The Whig and Chronicle reported on July 10^th, 1878 that a school in Powell's Station, called the Knox County Normal School, had just closed for the summer. The school is described as a one room schoolhouse that operated daily during the school year from 8:30 AM until 12:30 PM, and also conducted "two nights of entertainment each week".

HOTEL KNOX. In December, 1891, announcement was made that the name of the Schubert Hotel at the northwest corner of Gay and Cumberland would be changed to the Hotel Knox effective on January 1, 1892. The change was short-lived, as in February, 1892, Major James O'Conner announced that the name of the Hotel Knox would be changed to the New Schubert Hotel. The Schubert Hotel had been the original hotel name. (Also see Knoxville Hotel for other hotels by that name.)

HOTEL KNOX. This Hotel Knox opened at 404 - 408 Gay Street on April 30, 1896. The hotel was on the east side of Gay, between Commerce and Asylum (Wall.) Built by Colonel Frank McNulty, the hotel had seventy rooms, a bar, a billiards parlor, and a dining room. The hotel was less than a year old when what would afterwards be known as the Million Dollar Fire occurred on Gay street on April 9, 1897, destroying the hotel, where the fire started, and also destroying several adjoining downtown buildings, including Briscoe Brothers, King Fire Insurance Company, S. B. Newman Company, and Sterchi Brothers Furniture Company

KNOX HOTEL. The name of the hotel at Gay and Cumberland (the Lamar House site.) The name was changed from the Bijou Hotel to the Knox Hotel by 1926. It operated under that name until 1929, when it was renamed the Hotel LeConte.

KNOXVILLE ACADEMY. A private school, at Main and Henley, in the 1880's.

KNOXVILLE AMATEUR ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION. A late nineteenth century men's athletic association. On September 2^nd, 1889, the Journal reported that a meeting had been scheduled to review new applications for the association. At that time, the membership was over one hundred persons, and it was anticipated that the total number of members would easily reach one hundred and fifty or more. Club rooms were open all day on weekdays and until 11 PM each night. Facilities included a Tin Pin alley, a gymnasium, exercise machines and equipment, and bath rooms.

KNOXVILLE BOWLING ALLEY GROUNDS. One of the names by which the bowling alley at, or near, Chilhowee Park was once known. This particular designation was apparently common around the turn of the twentieth century.

KNOXVILLE ATHLETIC AND SOCIAL CLUB. Announced as the city's newest social and athletic organization in the Journal on May 17^th, 1894. This club was located on the second floor of a building at 320½ Central, and had a reading room and a gymnasium.

KNOXVILLE BOWLING AND BILLIARDS PARLOR. A bowling alley, listed in the 1917 city directory, located at 607 West Clinch Avenue.

KNOXVILLE BOWLING ALLEY. A bowling alley, first listed in the 1919 city directory, located at 407 West Clinch.

KNOXVILLE BOWLING ALLEY. Another bowling alley with the same name as above, this one was located at 1882 West Cumberland Avenue. It is listed only in the 1932 city directory.

KNOXVILLE BOWLING CENTER. A bowling alley, shown at the corner of North Broadway and Lamar in the 1940 city directory. Thereafter, the address is shown as 920 Lamar Street. The bowling alley was still in existence after 1950.

KNOXVILLE BOWLING CLUB. First listed in the 1905 city directory, this bowling club was located on Magnolia, at the "northwest corner of Linden Avenue, P.C." (i.e., Park City). The last year it appears in city directories was 1913. Earlier known as the Knoxville Bowling Alley Grounds.

KNOXVILLE BUSINESS COLLEGE. Opened in 1882, when a Supplement to the Chronicle described the school as the "Knoxville Business College and Telegraphic Institute of East Tennessee". Knoxville Business College is listed in city directories of that period as being located on Asylum Street (Western Avenue). The school was at several different locations over the years. In the 1890's, it operated in the Library building, at the northeast corner of Gay and Vine (depicted here.). It was located at the southwest corner of Church and Market in the early twentieth century, and later was at the southeast corner of State and Clinch, before moving to a building on the north side of Clinch, between Gay and State. In 1904, the enrollment averaged more than two hundred students. The school fielded athletic teams, and in 1915 it was a member of the newly-founded Interscholastic Basketball League, including teams from Knoxville High School, the Deaf and Dumb Institute (TSD), the Y.M.C.A., Central High School, and Park City High School.

KNOXVILLE CITY GARDENS. Listed in the 1869 Knoxville city directory, located "on Sevierville Pike, one half mile east of the city". The gardens were operated by Charles Crouch, and a family with the same name still operates a florist business in Knoxville.

KNOXVILLE CLASSICAL SCHOOL. A school at 143 Gay Street. Listed in the 1889 city directory.

KNOXVILLE COLLEGE. Opened just west of the Mechanicsville section in 1875, the original school was established in the 1860's as a school for African American students by the Presbyterian Church in Nashville. It was moved to Knoxville and established as Knoxville College, where the school first opened in what had been the Freedmans School. Buildings known as the Little Boys Home and Little Girls Home were first established in Knoxville, where children from ages six through thirteen were cared for. In the 1886 city directory, the college President, J. S. McCullouch, and three teachers are listed as instructors at Knoxville College, and all lived at the college site, where cottages were provided. In 1892, the college became what was called the colored department of the University of Tennessee. By then, there was a kindergarten and primary school, a training school, and a normal school, preparing students for one of several additional courses of three or four years. In modern times, various problems, including the loss of accreditation, have hampered the school, but despite those obstacles at this writing the institution continues in operation.

KNOXVILLE COLLEGE AUDITORIUM. A place of various entertainments and lectures through the years. One example appeared in the Journal on April 19^th, 1907, reporting that a lecture by Prof. William Pickens, of Taledega, was presented here.

KNOXVILLE COLLEGE FOOTBALL FIELD. Located on the campus of Knoxville College. In 1913, a football game was played at the Knoxville College field by two local African American teams, the Knoxville "Tigers" and the Negro YMCA. Obviously, this was the home field of the Knoxville College football team, but at least one other local team, Rule High School, having no home football field, in its early years of the school played some of their home football games at the Knoxville College field.

KNOXVILLE COLLEGE FOR GIRLS. The Tribune reported on September 1^st, 1893, that the Knoxville College for Girls was opening, located in the Circle Park Land Company Addition in the U. T. area, between 10^th and 11^th streets. Dr. Sullins, of Cleveland Centenary, was reportedly to be the President of the school. The school possibly never opened, but if it did it was probably short-lived, since the University of Tennessee soon thereafter began admitting female students.

KNOXVILLE DRIVE-IN THEATER. One of the earliest outdoor movies in Knoxville. The Knoxville Drive In Theater opened in 1948, at Kingston Pike and Forest Hills Blvd.

KNOXVILLE DRIVING ASSOCIATION PARK. Another name for the South Knoxville race track, in the 1890's, also sometimes called the South Side Track, but usually known as Johnson's Track.

KNOXVILLE FAIR GROUNDS / RACE TRACK. The same site mentioned above, this track was located south of the river and was established in 1881. At that time, Fairs had been absent in Knoxville for a few years. Although the primary activity at the 1881 Fair was horse racing, when describing the new race track local newspapers nonetheless referred to the site as the "New Fair Grounds". By the middle 1890's, the track was owned by Cal Johnson and was called Johnson's Race Track, and sometimes the South Side Track.

KNOXVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY. Established in 1827, the academy operated in a building on Main avenue in 1829. The Female Academy was also sometimes a place of public entertainment. A local newspaper reported the performance of a play at this site in 1828, "Turn Out, or the Enraged Politician", by the Drake Company of Louisville, presented by a Mr Lambey. On January 12^th, 1831, the Register reported that the proceeds for another performance held at the school was for the benefit the Academy. A newspaper advertisement on May 31^st, 1843, announced the opening of the summer session at the Female Academy, where instruction in music, drawing, and painting were offered. The name was changed to the East Tennessee Female Institute (which see) in 1846.

KNOXVILLE FEMALE SEMINARY. A girl's school, located on Union Avenue, in the nineteenth century. An advertisement in the Register on April 3^rd, 1849, when Principal, R. B. McMullen announced that he would thereafter be at the school on a full time basis. Subjects taught included music and French, and the instructors were Mrs. McMullen, Miss Catliv, and Miss Williams.

KNOXVILLE GUN CLUB GROUNDS. Located at or near Lake Ottosee (Chilhowee Park) The Journal reported on Monday, May 21^st, 1894, that the thirteenth annual Knoxville Gun Tournament, a four day event, would be held that week. Expert marksmen from throughout the U. S. competed in the tournament, with was held "at the tournament grounds, out on the Lake Ottosee Car Lines".

KNOXVILLE HIGH SCHOOL. A city high school, on Fifth Avenue. Opened in 1910, when students from the earlier Knoxville High School, or Girls High School, and Hampden Sydney, were transferred to the newly constructed building. For years I was confused about the fact that annual yearbooks were issued for several years before the existence of Knoxville High School, yet those same yearbooks continued to be issued at the new school as the "The Voice". What turns out to be a simple answer is evident when one reviews these publications, which reveal that the earlier editions were issued by the Knoxville High SCHOOLS, not the Knoxville High School. Those earlier yearbooks, published beginning in 1899, included both students at what still was known as the Girls High School, and boys at the Hampden Sydney School. Also, despite the continued use of the name the Girls High School, the school was also called Knoxville High School, and those early yearbooks reveal that both females and males were students at the school. The earlier issues of the Voice that were published before the opening of the new high school on Fifth Avenue also reveal that the school also fielded boy's sports teams. Those early teams competed as Knoxville High school, playing against such opponents as the Baker Himel School, Central High School, and the U. T. scrubs. Early games before the new building was built in 1910 were reported as games played by Knoxville High School in local newspapers. Knoxville High School closed in 1951, as did Stair Tech, when three new high schools were opened -- East, West, and Fulton -- at which time Rule High School was enlarged, with a new gymnasium and auditorium added, and South Junior became South High School.

KNOXVILLE HIGH SCHOOL AUDITORIUM. As was true at Park Junior High School and several other city schools, the auditorium at Knoxville High School was sometimes a place of public entertainment over the years. An example was a production of the Freiburg Passion Play, presented with a cast of 250 persons, held at the Knoxville High School auditorium for three consecutive nights in March, 1932.

KNOXVILLE HOTEL. It is hardly surprising that over the years several different hotels have been called the Knoxville Hotel. (See also Knox Hotel for hotels with that name.) Apparently, the earliest was at the southwest corner of Gay and Cumberland, later the location of the Lamar House. Originally called the Archie Rhea Tavern in 1813, in the three story brick building previously owned by Thomas Humes. It was called the Knoxville Hotel in 1817. The hotel is advertised in the December 29^th, 1824 issue of the Knoxville Enquirer, still called the Knoxville Hotel and then operated by Joseph Jackson. By 1827, Jackson was still operating the hotel and the name had been changed to the Jackson's Hotel.

HOTEL KNOXVILLE. For a time in the early 1930's, the name of the St. James Hotel was changed to the Hotel Knoxville, and the listings in city directories under this name indicate "formerly the St. James Hotel". By 1934, the name had been changed back to the St. James, where it continued in operation after 1950. The building had originally been called the Van Deventer building, before becoming a hotel.

KNOXVILLE HOTEL. Yet another hotel by this name, located at 408 West Main Street, is listed in city directories from the late 1940's until after 1950.

KNOXVILLE INN. Local newspaper advertisements in the spring of 1833 locate the Knoxville Inn on Cumberland avenue. That ad, dated April 10^th, 1833, appeared in the Knoxville Register. The proprietor, John Norwood, had moved to Knoxville from Blount County and opened the Knoxville Inn, which was located on the south side of Cumberland, between Gay Street and State Street, "one door west of Dr. Strong's". Joseph Strong's home was at the southwest corner of State and Cumberland. The Knoxville Inn was on the south side of Cumberland, east of Gay street, on the site where Staub's Opera House was later constructed. The Knoxville Inn was still in business two years later, when the operation was taken over by Peter Nance. Some references erroneously mention that the hotel at the southwest corner of Gay and Cumberland (the Lamar House location) was once called the Knoxville Inn. However, that hotel was once called the Knoxville Hotel. Perhaps a statement that appeared in the Journal in 1908, when an article written at the time the Bijou Theater had just been completed as an addition to this hotel, then known as the Auditorium Hotel, mentioning that the hotel had once been called the Knoxville Inn, has resulted in the confusion. In any event, the hotel at the southwest corner of Gay and Cumberland was never known as the Knoxville Inn. Perhaps it is of little importance, except for the fact at there once was a Knoxville Inn in Knoxville, a block east of the Lamar House location.

KNOXVILLE IRON COMPANY FIELD. A playing field and recreational park. This was at the later site of the company, after it had moved to the Lonsdale community in the early twentieth century, from the original location just west of the downtown area. At one time, this was the practice field for Rule High School's sports teams, and also was the site of some of Rule's earlier home football games. The Knoxville Iron Company grounds had earlier also been the site of a playing field in the nineteenth century, then known as the Rolling Mill Grounds (which see) when the company was originally located next to the railroad tracks near the downtown area.

KNOXVILLE MEDICAL COLLEGE. A medical school for black students, at 1330 Clinton Street, connected with Knoxville College, and listed in city directories in 1909, 1910, and 1911. Clinton Street paralleled Asylum (now Western), and connected with Clinton Road to the west. Today this is College Street. William Rule mentions in the Standard History of Knoxville that there also was an earlier medical school at Knoxville College. That medical school had originally been established in the early 1890's, but closed by around 1900. Whether or not the Knoxville Medical College was ever accredited I have not determined, but likely so, since references indicate that a couple of dozen students or so had graduated before the school closed. The earlier medical school at Knoxville College apparently was never accredited, and at that institution students were permitted to enroll in the medical school after completing the eighth grade.

KNOXVILLE MUSIC SOCIETY. Classes in music were held by the Knoxville Music Society at the Male Academy, by D. L. Elder. (Knoxville Times, Sept. 6^th, 1839.)

KNOXVILLE PRIMARY SCHOOL. Listed in the Knoxville city directory for 1869, located in the Market Hall, at the Market House on Market Square.

KNOXVILLE RACE TRACK. The earliest known race track in Knoxville, aside from the Campbell's Station track in west Knox County. This race track was located a mile east of the city, on the north bank of the Holston river. An advertisement in the Knoxville Post on April 20, 1842 announced that the annual spring races would be held at the track, developed by a Mr. Nance. The following year races at the track were again announced in local newspapers. The "Mr Nance" may have been Peter Nance, who had managed the Knoxville Inn on Cumberland Avenue, east of Gay Street, in 1835, and was operating the Mansion House hotel in 1842.

KNOXVILLE UNIVERSITY. North Knoxville. This is the name shown on Waring's 1874 map of Knoxville, including the section between Oklahoma Avenue (then called Brookside) and Scott Street, from Alexander Street to Glenwood Avenue. There was never a school or institution in the area. Likely the designation of "University" came from a residential section called the University Addition that was developed in the general area, from Broadway, between Armstrong to Fremont, northeast of this section.

L & N HOTEL. On Western Avenue, across the street from the L & N railroad passenger depot. Except for the years 1916-1917, when the name was briefly changed to the Finley Hotel, the L & N Hotel was at this location from the early twentieth century until after 1950. In later years, among other, things it had become something of a flop house, to use a more charitable description.

LAKE FOREST South Knoxville. East of Chapman Highway, south of intersection of Redbud and Cruze, across from Colonial Village. Established in 1939.

LAKE COMO. The name of Beaman's Lake, now at Chilhowee Park, for a few days was changed to Lake Como in 1890, after being called Lake Park Springs the previous year, before the name was changed to Lake Ottosee.

LAKE OTTOSEE. East Knoxville. The facility that today is Chilhowee Park was a Knox County recreational area in the later nineteenth century known as Lake Ottosee. Earlier, the lake was called Beaman's Lake and the park was called Beaman's Park. Briefly, it was known as Lake Park Springs, then for a few days as Lake Como. The stockholders of the Lake Park Springs company met on April 18, 1890, and named it Lake Ottosee. Later, the section of the park south of Magnolia was called Elmwood Park, before the entire area was known as Chilhowee Park. The Journal estimated that more than 30,000 people attended the July 4^th. celebration at Lake Ottosee in 1892. A baseball game between teams from East Knoxville and Macedonia, was played at the "Lake Ottosee grounds", according to the report in the Tribune on June 1^st, 1894. The surrounding residential section was also known as Lake Ottosee, and the 1894 Knoxville Blue Book lists residents living in Lake Ottosee on Ashland Avenue, Castle Avenue, East Linden, East Fifth Avenue, Magnolia Avenue, and Rutledge Pike. The site was in competition with the Fountain City Park, and sometimes with other local parks, as the location for picnics and holiday celebrations. In May, 1894, when the Drummers eventually selected the Fountain City Park for the site of their annual picnic, the representatives of Lake Ottosee listed the following attractions that were offered at that site ; "the bicycle track, the pavilion, the dining hall, the lake, the bath house, the boats, the fish in the lake, and the ten pin alley". Knoxville residents visited the beach area to wade, rent rowboats, picnic, etc. It was once a primary place of celebrations on special occasions, particularly on July 4^th. Sometimes the local celebration of that holiday was held at Lake Ottosee, sometimes at other places such as Fountain City Park, Turner Park, Luttrell Park, and Riverside Park. In 1894 local newspapers gave reports of a legal battle concerning a contract F.C. Beaman had signed with the Citizens Street Railway Company, to keep the park open. The Knoxville Reds baseball team played some of their games at Lake Ottosee, when the entire park was called Lake Ottosee, including the ball field south of what is now Magnolia avenue (that section was later called Baldwin Park). A Chamber of Commerce publication in the 1896 lists attractions at Lake Ottosee, including the "Shoot the Chute", a new attraction that propelled boats onto the lake at rapid speed from a mechanical apparatus, that opened on July 2^nd, 1896. Unfortunately, less than a month after that attraction opened, a tragedy occurred, on July 30^th, 1896, when three young persons who were in a row boat on the lake were killed by a boat propelled from "Shoot the Chute". Some later sources suggest that Ottosee was pronounced "Ought to See," and while perhaps true, the author has found no evidence to verify that pronunciation.

LAKE PARK ADDITION / LAKE SIDE. East Knoxville. The Lake Side Addition, also called the Lake Park Addition, was a planned residential addition in the Lake Ottosee section. including the area south of Rutledge Pike (McCalla ), north past Magnolia to Woodbine, and from Bertrand west to Milligan Street. The development was the project of the Knoxville Lake Park Springs Company. Their brochure promoted the area as a suburban resort, called Lake Park Springs, with the advertised springs including the usual claims of curative waters at such places, stating that besides the park and Lake Ottosee, there were five springs in the fifty-four acre area, each of which of course contained the supposed 'miraculous powers' to cure various diseases. The plan was to construct a large hotel called the "Knoxville Springs Hotel" adjoining the park property. The plan eventually fizzled and the hotel was never built. An advertisement in the Journal on October 9^th, 1890, announced that a planned auction of lots in the Lake Park Addition had been postponed. However, the Lake Side residential section continued to be known by that name, since the Sentinel's "Suburban News" section on May 12, 1897, continued to include happenings among residents of the Lake Side community. The name of the lake continued to be known as Lake Ottosee until the park name was changed to Chilhowie Park and the lake became Chilhowie Lake.

LAKE PARK CAVERNS. A Lake Park Springs promotional brochure, circa 1889, describes the caverns that were at the park, beyond the northern portion of the lake. The caverns are described as having been "explored for a distance of 300 feet, with a balcony, or second floor, an almost perfect imitation of a barrel, and many wonderful examples of stalactites and stalagmites." What eventually happened to those caverns is not known. Perhaps today the animals at the zoo are now roaming above those underground wonders.

LAKE THEATER. A movie theater, in South Knoxville. Located at 1100 Sevier Avenue. It was at the corner of Sevier and Island Home. A relatively short-lived theater, the Lake Theater opened in 1947 and closed in 1950. I will mention in passing here, for no particular good reason, that back in the 1940's and early 1950's the author managed at one time or another to see a movie at twenty-four of the twenty-six movie theaters that were in Knoxville in those times. Those I missed were the Gem and the Grand, both of those theaters catering to black audiences. Technically, I also never made to the Ritz Theater, although I did once see a movie at that same theater back in the middle 1940's, when it was called the Sunset Theater, located in the same building on Western avenue, before it closed and later reopened as a theater for colored patrons, originally called the Ritz.

LAKEMONT DRIVE-IN THEATER. A drive-in movie theater, opened in 1950, located on Alcoa Highway. The Lakemont was advertised as the only fully black-top facility in town at that time (most of the others had an unpaved gravel surface.) Those same advertisements provide evidence of one of the reasons families took advantage of such venues, since there was no admission charge for the kids, thus a couple with three or four children seemingly had access to bargain entertainment. On the other hand, with the yelling and screeching of the kids during the movie, the cost of goodies for everybody in the car from the snack bar, at least one youngster getting lost when trying to find the car when returning from the concession stand or the rest room, the annoyance from the inevitable adjoining car where the activity going on inside that vehicle quickly revealed that a couple obviously had come to the drive-in theater with no intention of watching the movie, and the occasional forgetfulness that resulted in that sickening popping sound when you drove your car away but forgot to remove the speaker attached to the open car window, maybe it wasn't such a great bargain after all.

LAKEWOOD SWIMMING POOL. A swimming pool, on the east side of Clinton Highway. The pool was located on the side of the highway going north down the hill beyond the old airplane service station. This pool was located a considerable distance outside the city limits in the 1940's, and was still in operation in the 1950's. I recall swimming at that pool a couple of times as a youngster, and I also remember that the base of the pool was sand, different from the concrete base at the other area pools, such as those at Whittle Springs, Sixth Avenue, and Alcoa.

LAMAR HOUSE. The hotel at the southwest corner of Gay Street and Cumberland. Under various names a hotel has been at this same location since the early nineteenth century. It not only has the record for hotel longevity in Knoxville, but also holds the record for the most different names. Besides being called the Lamar House from 1859 to 1897, 1901-1903, 1917-1920, and 1960-1968 (as the Lamarr Hotel), names here have included Archie Rhea Tavern, Knoxville Hotel, Jackson's Hotel, City Hotel, Coleman House, White House, Old Homestead, Auditorium Hotel, Arlington Hotel, Bijou Hotel, Knox Hotel, Hotel Leconte, Shannon Hotel, and the Monroe Hotel.

LAMAR HOUSE BALLROOM. The ballroom at the Lamar House hotel, the oldest hotel building still standing in Knoxville. This ballroom was the site of public gatherings, celebrations, dances, balls, etc. For example, during the Civil War, a "Grand Military and Civic Ball" was held for the July 4^th, 1864 celebration at the Lamar House Ballroom.

LAMARR HOTEL. From 1960 until around 1968 or so, this was the final name of the hotel at the southwest corner of Gay and Cumberland. Thereafter apparently it never again was in operation as a hotel, after more than a century and a half.

LANCASTRIAN SCHOOL. A city school, opened in 1818, for children ages four through nine.

LARCH STREET PARK. A park and playground, in the northern Lonsdale section, west of Texas Avenue, north of Ohio Avenue, at the end of McPherson Street.

LAURENS AVENUE PARK. A playground in East Knoxville, between Mabry Street and Morningside Drive, south of Dandridge Avenue.

WILLIAM LAWRENCE DAGUERREOTYPE STUDIO. A photographer, William Lawrence operated a studio at the corner of Church and Gay in 1849. It was perhaps the earliest photographic studio in Knoxville, although it was likely a relatively short-lived venture. An advertisement for the studio appeared in the Knoxville Register dated April 25^th, 1849, and the original insertion date of that ad is shown as having been on February 14^th that year, thus the studio obviously had been in existence for more than two months in late April, 1849. Lawrence was a traveling photographer, as is evident from the fact that the recommendations in that advertisement were from newspapers in other Tennessee cities -- the Russellville Herald and the Gallatin Tenth Legion, where obviously Lawrence had earlier been offering his photographic services. By 1850, Lawrence had relocated to Maryville, Tennessee. I have obviously taken liberties with regard to the inclusion of some places and businesses in this compilation. When I have uncovered information concerning certain places and firms that apparently have not been previously researched to any degree (or, at least, where no publications seem to be available recording such information) I have chosen arbitrarily to include such information in this book. Such is the case with regard to nineteenth century Knoxville photographers. A brief list of nineteenth century Knoxville photographers and photographic studios is included below, intended here to merely close the gap by identifying some of the city's early photographic studios, but with no intent to suggest that these were the only photographers who were in operation in Knoxville during the nineteenth century. These photographers have been listed here in alphabetical order :

JOHN C. BAKER. A Knoxville photographer. Location of studio not determined. Obviously in business before 1877, when he became associated with the Baker and Kinzel Studio (below).

BAKER AND KINZEL PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIO. Photographic studio located at the junction of Broad and Crozier (Central) in 1887. John C. Baker, who boarded at 177 High Street, and Charles W. Kinzel, who boarded at 39 East Park (now Magnolia).

BRAKEBILL AND MCCOY STUDIO. Located at 117 South Gay Street in 1898 and 1899. Brakebill is not listed in the 1898 city directory. William J. McCoy boarded at the McCoy Building, 407 ½ Wall Street.

CHANEY. A photograph by this photographer is in the collection at the University of Tennessee Special Collections library. The printed legend reads " Chaney. The Soldier's Photographer, Camp Poland, Knoxville."

G(REENBERRY) S. DAVIS. The studio was at number 70 Gay Street, on the east side, between Main and Cumberland. This was the same site where the Colonial Arcade (adjoining the Colonial Hotel) was located in the twentieth century) Earlier, he is listed in 1882 State of Tennessee Directory, at the same Gay Street address. The studio is listed in city directories from 1882 through 1890.

W. O. DAVIS. A photographer. Located in Dante. Date not known. This information is from a photograph in the author's collection, taken by W. O. Davis, whose name stamp on the reverse side of the photograph identifies him as "Out Door Photographer, Dante (North Knox County) Tennessee".

GARVEY DONALDSON PHOTOGRAPHIC AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Number 13 Gay Street. Advertised in the Chronicle in July, 1878, that ad mentioning that the studio was located in the same building with dentist Dr. P. H. Cardwell.

J. H. DUBBS. A photographer, with a studio at 206 Vine in 1891 - 1893. His residence address was 107 Vine. This was the same address where the Galyon and Cunningham studio was in operation in 1898.

EAGLE ART COMPANY, PHOTOGRAPHY. This studio was located at 314 Gay Street in 1895, on the east side of Gay, between Wall and Commerce. Not listed in city directories.

GALYON AND CUNNINGHAM. A photographic Studio at 206 Vine. 1898. Principals were Joseph Galyon, residence 1604 Mabry, and William Cunningham, who lived at same address as the business location, 206 Vine. Earlier, in 1893, J. H. Dubbs had operated a photographic studio at the same location.

H. M. GASS. Photographic studio at 198 Walnut Street. Dates of operation not known.

GEROME ART GALLERY. The University of Tennessee library has this photograph taken by this nineteenth century Knoxville studio. Dates of operation not known and not found in nineteenth century city directories.

HUNT, A. G. A Knoxville photographic studio, no information located as to date(s) of operation and/or the location of the studio.

KNAFFL BROTHERS, PHOTOGRAPHERS. At 522 ½ Gay street, east side of Gay, between Clinch and Union, second floor, what years later was upstairs at the Athletic House location. In 1876, Knaffl was living on Temperance Hill and worked as a photographer for the T. M. Schleier studio. He is listed in the 1884 city directory as a boarder at 92 State Street. At that time, he was working with the photographic studio of McCrary and Branson. The Knaffl studio produced art views, and their humorous photographic posed views of African Americans were widely distributed throughout the country, were their most popular prints, and some of those continue to be reproduced today. Madonna and Child was also a popular print issued by the firm, and was issued in several different poses the years.

KNAFFL AND BRAKEBILL, PHOTOGRAPHIC GALLERY. 73 Gay Street, in 1876. An advertisement by this firm in a twentieth century city directory mentions that the studio had been in operation for fifty years. The later address in the nineteenth century was near the same location as the Knaffl Studio (above).

CHARLES C. KRUTCH. A photographic studio. Listed in the 1875 city directory, at number 73 Gay Street, in the Staub's Opera House building. Not listed again in nineteenth city directories.

LEWIS AND LUCE PHOTOGRAPHERS. A photographic studio at number 71 West Clinch, in 1889. Andrew C. Lewis' residence was also at the business address. Edward B. Luce lived at 62 Linden Avenue. Luce had his own studio the following year. (see below). EDWARD B. LUCE, PHOTOGRAPHER. A photographic studio at 265 Gay Street. Shown in the 1890 city directory as "F. B.", but that was a typographical error, as the photographer's name was Edward B. Luce.

JAMES A. LINDSEY PHOTOGRAPHER. A photographic studio at 136-138 Gay Street in 1881. The studio was at the corner of Gay and Clinch, at the Hattie House hotel location.

LINDSEY AND HODGES, PHOTOGRAPHERS. (Thomas H. Lindsey and Judson B. Hodges) Located at 143 Gay Street in 1884 and 1885. Thomas H. Lindsey lived at 94 Deery Street in 1884. Judson B. Hodges resided at 123 Atkin Street in 1884. By 1886, Hodge was no longer associated with the studio. (below)

T. H. LINDSEY. PHOTOGRAPHER. 143 ½ Gay Street in 1886. The same location as Lindsey and Hodges. This studio was in the same building or office with photographer C. Woodward. In 1888, the address is shown as 108 Gay street.

F. B. MCCRARY PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIO. 130 Gay Street, 1876 - 1882. Lloyd Branson later became a partner in the studio (below)

MCCRARY AND BRANSON. Photographers and Artists Materials, 1884 - 1899. The studio was located at 130 Gay Street (later number 604 - approximately the later location of the Tennessee Theater). Frank B. McCrary lived at 111 Clinch in 1884. McCrary earlier had his own studio in 1876. Lloyd Branson boarded at the Hattie House in 1885.

G. R. MILLER. A photographic studio located at 206 WestVine in 1899.

G. R. MURDOCH STUDIO. A photographic studio located at 310 Prince (Market) in 1899.

NAZOR STUDIO. A photographic studio located "opposite the Court House".

NEAL AND GOFORTH. A photographic studio, located at the south end of the Gay Street bridge in 1898. The building burned in December, 1898.

J. R. PAUL PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIO. A photographic studio located at 257 Gay street in 1887.

W. E. PRALL, PHOTOGRAPHER, Gay Street. Prall was in business during the Civil War, since the identifying text on some of his known photographs reads "Gay Street, Knoxville, Tennessee, also Army of the Ohio, in the Field".

J. P. RAPIER PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIO. Located at 259 Gay in 1888, and at 159 ½ Gay in 1889. John P. Rapier. Rapier's residence address was number 11 Vine street.

R. W. AND W. P. RUSSELL, PHOTOGRAPHERS. Located in Concord. Listed in the 1881 Tennessee State Directory. No additional information found.

G. M. SANDIFER. PHOTOGRAPHIC & AMBROTYPE GALLERY. This studio was located on the "East side Gay, between Cumberland and Church" in 1859.

SCHLEIER'S PHOTOGRAPH GALLERY. (T. M. Schleier). The Press and Herald reported that Schleier had moved to Gay street, "below Clinch", on October 6^th, 1870. The number is shown in the 1876 directory as Number 95 (later Number 711) Gay Street. The studio was located between Cumberland and Church, "Over the East Tennessee Book House". Schleier was a prominent photographer. Earlier, he had been in New Orleans, then in Nashville, where he worked for the C. C. Gier's Gallery. In Nashville, he later operated his own studio during the Civil War, and perhaps also had a studio in Knoxville at that same time..

HARRY SHARTLE. A photographic studio, located at 308 North Gay Street in 1899.

SINGLETON'S GALLERY. Located at 257 Gay Street in 1892. By the following year, William Singleton was in partnership with John McFarland in a Gay street photographic studio (see below)

SINGLETON AND MCFARLAND. This studio was located at 123 ½ South Gay in 1892 and 1893. William M. Singleton's residence was at 411 Vine. (Mrs. Singleton was listed as a 'finisher' at the studio.) John McFarland's residence was listed at the Vine avenue business address. The firm apparently had split, when in 1893 Singleton issued a warrant charging McFarland with forgery, and McFarland was arrested in Greeneville in June, 1893.

THOMAS H. SMILEY. PHOTOGRAPHER AND AMBROTYPIST. His studio was located on the "West side of Gay, between Main and Cumberland" in 1859. Smiley's studio was one of, if not the earliest photographic studios in Knoxville, aside from the short-lived establishment by the traveling photographer William Lawrence in 1849, and his photographs of Knoxville are among the earliest known photographic views of the city. Smiley's widow, Nancy, was still living in 1884, boarding at 17 Summer Place.

STEWART AND DUBBS. PHOTOGRAPHERS. Dates when this studio was in operation not determined. The principals were J. H. Dubbs and J. W. Stewart, both of whom previously operated their own photographic studios.

J. W. STEWART, PHOTOGRAPHER. A photographic studio located at 117 Gay from 1895 to 1897. (West side of Gay, between Jackson and Vine). J. Willis Stewart's residence was 726 Deery street.

J. E. STORY, PHOTOGRAPHER. Studio at 123 ½ Gay Street in 1897. Josiah E. Story lived at 802 East Church Avenue.

C. C. WALLACE & CO. PHOTOGRAPHERS. Two photographic studios were in operation in 1897. One was at 206 Vine street and the other was at 327 ½ Clinch. Calvin C. Wallace was the photographer, and his residence was at 524 North Broad.

J. M. WALLACE, PHOTOGRAPHER. 459 Crozier (Central) 1891. An advertisement in the Journal on July 3^rd, 1891 shows that the studio was located in the Patterson Building, at the corner of Central and Broad. John M. Wallace's residence is shown in the city directory at same address as the business location. Listed only in the 1891 directory.

DRURY WEBB, PHOTOGRAPHER. Studio at 265 Gay Street in 1889. Drury E. Webb lived on Rutledge Pike.

A. P. WEISER STUDIO. A photographic studio, at 119 ½ Gay Street in 1895, operated by Miss Alice P. Weiser. Likely Knoxville's first photographic studio operated by a female. Later she was joined by Anna B. Weiser, at a Clinch avenue studio. (see below).

A. P. AND A. B. WEISER. 323 ½ Clinch avenue in 1898 and 1899. The photographers were Miss Alice P. Weiser and Miss Anna B. Weiser (sisters) Their residence was 607 Highland Avenue. That was the same address of Knoxville photographer G. W. Weiser, and it is assumed he was their father.

G. W. WEISER, PHOTOGRAPHER. 1895 - 1899. City directories show different locations for this studio : 1890 - 1895, at 323 ½ W. Clinch ; in 1897, Weiser had two studios, at 119 ½ Gay and 323 ½ Clinch ; in 1898 and 1899, he again had only one studio, at 119 ½ Gay. G. W. Weiser's residence was 607 Highland Avenue in 1898.

C. WOODWARD, PHOTOGRAPHER. Studio at 143 ½ Gay in 1886. (Between Clinch and Union, west side.) Woodward was in the same building, or office, with photographer T. H. Lindsey. Charles B. Woodward is listed earlier in the 1884 city directory, as a foreman with the Tribune.

Scant information concerning the names of amateur photographers in Knoxville in the nineteenth century has been located. A few names are found in the Journal announcement in February, 1896, describing an exhibit of photographs by Knoxville amateur photographers that was held at the YMCA. That article mentions that among notable features at that exhibit were "the photographic work of Homer Price, the platinum work of Harper Chamberlain, and interiors by Mr. Morgan".

(End of listings of Knoxville nineteenth century photographers)

LAY. North Knox County. Location not known, but obviously somewhere in the Corryton area. The Lay post office operated from 1891 to 1908. Thereafter, mail was c/o the Corryton post office. According to the Rand McNally Railroad Guide, the population of Lay in 1914 was twenty-five people.

LEBANON CHURCH SCHOOL. This school operated by the Lebanon Church is shown on the 1895 Knox County map. Located northeast of the Coward community, southwest of Beaver Ridge. The school was still in existence in 1912, when it is mentioned in the September 16^th issue of the Journal and Tribune, and in 1913, then listed in the Knox County School report as the Lebanon School.

DR. E. LECOMPTE SCHOOL. A private school, listed in the 1859 city directory, at the northeast corner of Crooked (Walnut) and Cumberland.

LECONTE HOTEL. 801-801 South Gay Street (the Lamar House site). In 1930, this was the name of the hotel at this site, and the hotel operated under that name for more than twenty years, before the name was again changed, to the Shannon Hotel, around 1952.

LECONTE VIEW. North Knoxville. A residential development. From Brice Street east to Topaz Street, between Buffat Mill and Kenilworth Lane.

LEE THEATER. A movie theater, located at 143 Tennessee Avenue. the Lee opened in 1941 and closed in 1956. The Lee was the only movie theater ever in operation in the Lonsdale community.

LEE'S FIFTH AVENUE SCHOOL. A private school, on East Fifth Avenue. Listed in the city directory for 1889. Operated by a Miss Ida M. Lee. Later renamed the Ferleigh School.

LEGG'S STATION. East Knox County. South of Rutledge Pike. The Academia post office was renamed Legg's Station in 1858, under which name it operated until 1868, when the name was changed to MacMillan. The Mascot community (earlier known as Meek) was established on the land owned by Edward Legg. That location is east of Legg's Station, although perhaps Legg's property extended that far westward towards the city. The proximity of these communities would obviously make one assume that Legg's Station was named for that same person -- or someone in that same family.

HOTEL LEON. A hotel for black patrons, at 435 West Depot Street, listed in the 1928 city directory.

LESLIE STREET PARK. A city-owned park and playground for African American families, with a lighted field. Located on Leslie Street, at 22^nd Street, parallel with University Avenue, west of Western Avenue, in the McAnally Flats section.

LESLIE STREET POOL. A swimming pool for African Americans, adjoining Leslie Street Park. Later, the name was changed to the Edward Cauthan Pool.

LETSINGER. West Knox County. Near the county line, in the Martel area. The Letsinger post office operated from 1870 to 1880. When the office closed, postal records show that mail thereafter was c/o the Vancouver post office, in Loudon County. The 1881 Tennessee State Gazetteer lists Letsinger and Vancouver, both located in Knox County, but also indicates that the name of the Vancouver community had previously been Letsinger. However, the 1914 Rand McNally Railroad Guide continues to list Letsinger, with mail c/o the Martel post office.

ISAAC LEWIS SCHOOL. Listed in the Knoxville Republican in 1832, where it is mentioned that the winter session at this school commenced on October 12^th that year.

LIBERAL HALL. A nineteenth century meeting hall, located in the building at 59 Union Street, at the northeast corner of Market Square and Union. Listed at that address in the 1884 city directory, this was building was called the Kerns Building and also was known as the Odd Fellows Building, where Peter Kern's Ice Cream Parlor and Bakery was located. Halls in this building were also called Kerns Hall and Odd Fellows Hall.

LIBERTY HALL SCHOOL. South Knox County. A school shown on the 1895 Knox County map, west of Maryville Pike. The school was not in close proximity to any community shown on that map, being about two miles south of the river, west of the Marietta and North Georgia Railroad, in the area that today is Alcoa Highway, around Woodson Drive. The school is listed in the 1913-1914 Knox County Public School report.

LIBERTY HILL SCHOOL. West Knox County. Shown on the 1895 Knox County map, southwest of the Cowards community and northeast of Hardin Valley.

LIBERTY THEATER. A movie theater. Opened at 1205 North Central in the Happy Holler section in 1922, at the theater previously called the Picto Theater. It was again named the Picto in 1923, then was later renamed the Joy Theater.

LINCOLN MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. By the early twentieth century, The LMU Medical School was in operation across the street from the city Hospital, on the east side of Dameron street, that hospital having been built at the previous site of the Tennessee Medical College, following a fire that destroyed that building in December, 1897. The LMU school building later became the nurses facility of the city hospital, then called the General Hospital, where an overhead enclosed walkway connected the two buildings.

LINCOLN PARK. North Knoxville. The section generally along both sides of Chickamauga Avenue, primarily from the railroad tracks eastward to a few blocks past the Lincoln Park School and north to Sharp's Ridge. A Lincoln Park residential addition was from Chickamauga to Farragut Avenue, between McMurray Street and the railroad. In 1894, the Knoxville Blue Book lists thirteen families living in Lincoln Park. Apparently at one time the Lincoln Park section was considered to include a larger area, since the 1904 city directory includes the Southern Railway's Coster Shops as being in the Lincoln Park community. The 1913 city directory shows that streets in Lincoln Park included Atlantic, Cedar, Cherokee, Chickamauga, Farragut, and Willow. Lincoln Park was incorporated in 1913, then became a part of the city in 1917.

LINCOLN PARK MINERAL SPRINGS The Lincoln Park Mineral Springs were located in the Lincoln Park community. Based on an illustration depicting those springs that appeared in the 1903 publication, Progressive Knoxville, somebody in the Lincoln Park area was peddling those waters, probably claiming that health or curative properties were contained in those elixirs. But if so, the venture obviously was not nearly as successful as was a similar endeavor, where similar water was then being bottled and sold at the Whittle Springs property, a few blocks east of Lincoln Park.

LINCOLN PARK SCHOOL. On Chickamauga Avenue, in the Lincoln Park community. The original school was located at Atlantic and Kenyon. The school moved to the Chickamauga location when a new school building was constructed in 1916.

LINCOLN THEATER. A vaudeville theater for black patrons. Opened at 124 South Central Avenue in 1908. The Lincoln was apparently Knoxville's first theater for African American audiences. Some reference suggest the Gem Theater was in operation as early as 1909, but I find no evidence or adver